Zeng Guofan (181-1872, formerly known as Zicheng, the word Bohan, No.,born in Xiangxiang County, Hunan Province (now Shuangfeng County)) in the late Qing Dynasty. ZTE's famous minister? At that time, it was called? Is Lide immortal? Perfect person. Although there are still great controversies and even more disparaging comments on his political evaluation, the great traditional cultural values contained in his life-long study have had a far-reaching impact on the modern history of China, especially his education methods, which have had a great impact on the training of a large number of military and political talents in modern China, and still have great enlightenment and reference significance. This paper intends to make a preliminary analysis of Zeng Guofan's ways of educating people and educating talents.
One? Will there be no species? Is it expensive? Determined not to change?
Zeng Guofan attaches great importance to the importance of talents to the rise and fall of the country, and has repeatedly pointed out that the country is strong and the people are strong. ? ①? Where the country is strong, there must be many good ministers. Where the family is strong, there are bound to be more virtuous children. ? ② Where do talents come from? Zeng Guofan believes that talents are neither born nor doomed, but come from people's efforts and diligence. He deeply realized from his own growing experience:? Where there are no seeds, there are no seeds of sages and heroes. As long as people are willing to make up their minds, they can do it. ? (3) The couplet he wrote for Dongxiang Academy in Xiangxiang once again expressed this idea? : Lianshui Xiangshan has spirit, and its exquisiteness must be Zhong Yingzhe; Sages and heroes have no seeds, and Confucian scholars know it. ? (4) this idea has long been popular in China feudal society? Destiny theory? With what? Bloodline theory? (for example? Dragon gives birth to dragon, phoenix gives birth to phoenix, and mouse gives birth to children to make holes? Wait a minute. According to historical records, Zeng Guofan was originally not talented. In Liang Qichao's words, where is the Zeng family? At the same time, among the sages, is it the stupidest? , but? The strength of his life lies in his determination to get rid of the secular world, but he is in prison, knowing what he is doing, but he goes forward bravely and goes through thousands of difficulties without losing heart; If you are tired, you should be diligent, plant it, be faithful, smart, diligent and hard-working. ⑤ The success of Zeng's life is really due to? Determined not to change? He thinks this is the first step for anyone to succeed. He said:? For example, pull up trees before they stand up. I know a thousand words, so I don't want to be sure. ? 6. When he was young. Either a saint or an animal; Don't ask about harvest, ask about cultivation? Self-encouragement and determination to be one? I don't care about my parents' life. I am worthy of being a perfect person in heaven and earth? All landowners to this end, he vowed to? Once upon a time, such as yesterday's death; In the future, like today's birth? Today's resolution? , clean up thoroughly? My own selfish desires, distractions, shortcomings, I changed my name to? Detergent? , that is, take it? Clean yourself up? Meaning. In order to make all sons and nephews become talents, Zeng Guofan earnestly taught: When reading, Gai scholars should be ambitious, knowledgeable and persistent. If you are ambitious, you will never be willing to be dirty; Knowledge leads to endless learning and dare not be self-sufficient. For example, Hebo watches the sea, while a frog peeps into the sky. Nothing is impossible if you have perseverance. These three are indispensable. ? Pet-name ruby what else did he say? There are endless ways to learn, but perseverance is always the most important. ? ⑩? A man without perseverance will accomplish nothing in his life. ? When hope equals youth, it is to start working hard without changing the word. ?
Zeng Guofan believes that what is the fundamental element of cultivating talents? Make up your mind? Is there a constant? , he mentioned above? Second, knowledgeable? That is, the accumulation and learning of knowledge? Always focus on perseverance? Is he right? Is there a constant? Attach great importance to it. At the same time, he also advocates that talents must have many virtues such as diligence, modesty, frugality, honesty, stubbornness and understanding. Has he carved it before? A humble gentleman? Give his ninth brother Ceng Guoquan a seal as a sign of encouragement? Should be industrious, such as the power of agriculture? It was under his direct and meticulous training that Ceng Guoquan became a famous expert of Xiang Army, made great contributions to the conquest of Tianjing, and served as the governor. Zeng Guofan also repeatedly taught Ceng Guohua and Ceng Guoquan's brothers:? Teach the children of the younger generation, always use? Hard work? For the body? Humility? For use? ,? Modesty is the antonym of arrogance; Diligence is also the opposite. ? Proud and extravagant? Four words, but the first and last words are especially suitable for cutting! What's the way brothers live at home at home and abroad? Test, treasure, morning, sweep, books, vegetables, fish, pigs? Eight words, don't forget! ?
? Regardless of the age of men and women in the family, diligence is the first meaning and modesty is the second meaning. Labor is not awkward, modesty is not proud, and all goodness comes from now on. ?
On his deathbed, he left such last words to his sons Jize and Ji Hong? Learning to work is God. Is it not good to love mortals, relax and hate work? What a person wears in a day is commensurate with what he does in a day, so others will do it, and ghosts and gods will allow him to think that he is independent. If farmers weave girls all the year round and work hard to make a few feet of cloth, and rich children are happy all the year round and don't run businesses, but the food will be precious and shameful, the clothes will be splendid, the sleep will be smooth, and the ghosts and gods will not allow it. How long will it last?
This means that it was advocated? Hard work? , has been initially included? Workers want to eat? ,? People who don't work have no food? , resolutely opposed? Get something for nothing? The concept of social parasites. Although this is Zeng's family education thought, the family is the cell of society and the first environment for the growth of talents, which is undoubtedly closely related to the training of talents in the whole society. It is precisely under the long-term cultivation of Zeng Guofan's strict family education thought that the Zeng family not only produced such a famous Hunan soldier, but also produced such a famous diplomat, such a famous mathematician and a group of famous educators, scholars and professors among Zeng's descendants.
Zeng Guofan also advocated that people must be stubborn. Based on Ming Qiang? He said? : my grandfather teaches people, still? Cowardly and inflexible? Four words is a great shame. Therefore, a man must be stubborn and self-reliant. ?
He also said:? As for undertaking great things, we should be aboveboard and strong. The doctrine of the mean, which consists of learning, questioning, thinking, distinguishing and doing, should be attributed to stupidity, and softness must be strong? Everything is not angry, not only bad, but also cultivated, but also aboveboard and strong. ?
He also gave such a dialectical play to the way of combining rigidity with softness and being strong and modest. Recently, I saw the way of heaven and earth. Combine rigidity with softness, and don't neglect it. Too soft will lead to discouragement, too rigid will lead to collapse. It's just that this is not autocracy, it's just a powerful correction; Softness is not inferiority, but humility. If you are eager to go to the public, you must be strong and correct, strive for fame and gain, and be modest and retreat; To start a family business, we must be strong, correct, modest and retreat. If you make achievements, enjoy fame outside, and want land and home at the same time, and the picture inside is very thick, both of which have full images and have no intention of retiring, then it can't last long. ?
Although Zeng Guofan advocated? Will there be no species? But not to encourage people to pursue fame and promotion, but mainly to encourage people to go? Xiu De's in the business? As he himself said:? From the age of 30, it is shameful to be an official and get rich, and it is also shameful and hateful to leave money to the descendants of officials. Therefore, I swear I must be selfish and never make a fortune by being an official. ? This is because he realized that if you protect your son, you can find your own food without an official bag; If the son is corrupt, he will accumulate more money and the canal will commit another crime. Later, if he commits adultery, he will make a scene at home. ?
Therefore, he insisted: we can only rely on two things: entering Germany and studying. If you enter Germany, you will be filial and righteous; If you study it, writing poetry is also true. These two are up to me. If you have a ruler, you will have my ruler, and if you have an inch, you will have my inch. If you score a point today, you will accumulate a liter of grain; I'm going to take a course alone tomorrow, and I have only one penny left. With the increase of morality, furniture will start from that day. As for fame and fortune, I am determined by fate, and I can't be independent at all? Do my best and let it go? Don't be paranoid. ?
Here, once again stressed? Studying in Germany? Our subjective efforts are to pursue the self-improvement of personality and the continuous accumulation of knowledge, but can it be realized? Fame and fortune? He gave it to heaven, although it revealed that there was something left in his mind? The concept of fate? , but more strongly reflects the zeng guofan? The inner saint and the outer king? 、? Who are there? 、? Good for the world? Political ambition and ideal pursuit.
Second, for military and political purposes, the selection of talents is the first meaning.
Zeng Guofan, as the supreme commander of the Xiang army, attached great importance to the selection and appointment of talents when he founded the Xiang army and trained the navy, or when he was later promoted to governor and managed local administration. When talking about the way to use troops, he pointed out: the way to run the army is always based on being able to fight. ? How can we make the army fight? He further pointed out? The way to take courage is to observe talents first, rectify camp rules, and then talk about tactics. ?
It can be seen that he put the selection and use of talents in the first important position in the battle. Of course, this is mainly aimed at senior commanders. Zeng Guofan believes that every general has four main points: first, he knows how to do his duty well; second, he is good at restraining the enemy's situation; third, he has the courage to get cold feet; and fourth, his operations are orderly? The first and second ends cannot be found in scattered courage, and the third and fourth ends have no material at the end. ?
This shows that the first and second conditions are mainly requirements for senior generals; As for the third and fourth conditions, junior soldiers with actual combat experience also have talents in this field. This also reflects that Zeng Guofan expanded the scope of selecting military talents to the vast number of soldiers. So, he further pointed out:? There are no ready-made talents in the world, and there is no knowledge of life. Generally, it is barely tempered. ?
This is to cultivate talents through practice. He encouraged the broad masses of soldiers who hoped to become talents to say:? Today's scholars all want to see the world and use it, but they lack the tools to use it. If you can honestly test your faith in your book, ask questions about your own experience, think hard to get through it, practice it to try its effect, and encourage it again, then your knowledge can be gradually filled and your knowledge will be enough to help the world. Why not know yourself?
It is in line with this concept of selecting and employing people that Zeng Guofan said in a letter to his ninth brother Ceng Guoquan? To do great things, multiple choices mean the first place. Satisfied with the choice of no, followed by menstruation Day, you can slowly educate. ?
At that time, battle-hardened Ceng Guoquan had become Zeng Guofan's own Xiang commander in chief. During the strategic decisive battle to besiege Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was the time when a large number of helpers who could fight were needed. At this time, Zeng Guofan warned him? Take multiple choices as the first meaning? It fully shows that Zeng Guofan attaches great importance to the promotion and use of a large number of military talents. He knows? Gold is not enough, and no one is perfect? , so advised his brother. He also said? Talent is cultivated, don't be too high, say no one is available. ?
This involves not only the selection and use of talents, but also the education and training of talents.
Zeng Guofan also proposed from the strategic height of governing the country with soldiers? Shu Ren legislation? The question he said: One is to cultivate people and the other is to legislate. You are not ashamed that you can't defeat the attack, but ashamed that you can't educate the people to legislate. There are two ways to cultivate people: one is to know people and be good at their duties, and the other is to melt pottery. ?
This shows that Zeng's is ok? Shu Ren legislation? An important condition for becoming a politician and strategist. ? Legislation? Mainly refers to the formulation of laws and regulations and business system to catch up; ? Tree people? Mainly refers to the cultivation and selection of talents. And then what? Tree people? What are the main principles? Knowing people and being good at their duties? And the second one is? Did Tao Rong succeed? The former focuses on the identification and appointment of talents, while the latter focuses on the cultivation and cultivation of talents. The selection and appointment of talents mainly includes the following three aspects: Visit, education and supervision. Interview is like birds and beasts seeking food, just like businessmen seeking money; After the interview, we can distinguish its advantages and disadvantages and examine its authenticity. Teachers teach people to be guided by kindness and do what they can; Those who change, yield to the rate, and make them follow without knowing it. Those in power, Shang Yang's method of establishing trees, Sun Tzu's intention of cutting beauty, the so-called daughter in front, the tiger in the back. ?
? Visit? It is mainly about the interview and inspection of talents, and it is necessary to have the spirit of seeking talents, that is? Like birds and beasts seeking food, like businessmen seeking money? So, what's there? Distinguish its merits and examine its authenticity? High recognition ability. ? Education? , refers to the education and training of talents, must be persuasive, tireless, especially to set an example, with their own exemplary role to make subordinates learn to follow suit, willing to follow suit unconsciously. ? Supervision? , is to have clear rules and regulations of rewards and punishments, military discipline and thunderbolt means, for example, Shang Yang ordered a reward for moving wood, and Sun Tzu ordered the killing of the prince who disobeyed orders, so as to ban, strictly observe military discipline, purge the political style, be invincible and cure all diseases.