Kuzhai
In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, after the "Anshi Rebellion", the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. At that time, the country was divided, the contradictions within the ruling class were very sharp, and the political struggle had developed into direct military confrontation. Thus, war and disaster are linked and the war continues. People are in poverty, all trades are exhausted, and people's grievances are everywhere. In this difficult situation, the Tang Dynasty struggled for revival. It is to meet this historical need that Lu Zhi stepped onto the political stage. As a native of Lu Zhi, I would like to give a brief introduction to Lu Zhi, a statesman and rural sage in the Tang Dynasty, from three aspects: family background, life, thoughts of governing the country, writings and relics. If there are any mistakes in the article, please correct them.
I. Family background and life
Before Lu, during the Warring States Period, Shaozitong was born in Luxiang, Pingyuan County (now southwest of Laoling County, Shandong Province) and was named Hou. Later, he took the land as his surname and became the ancestor of Lu surname in China. Lu Stone was transferred to Lujia (V) as Emperor Gaozu, and was ordered to send envoys to South Vietnam. He persuaded the King of South Vietnam (Zhao Tuo) with eloquence, and the King of South Vietnam surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Back to the DPRK to pay homage to Dr. Dazhong and write new words 12. Lu Jiazi, Lu Lie (6), the word Yuan Bo, Wuling in the early Western Han Dynasty, good governance; Later, he moved to Zhang Yu (now Jiangxi Province) and died of illness. The people of Wu Jun thought about its policy and sent a special envoy to welcome its coffin and bury it in Xupingting, Xu Wu County. The descendants of Lu Lie were born in Wu Jun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). In the old Hundred Family Surnames, the county where Lu surnamed was located was "Plain", indicating that the surname originally lived in the Plain. Since the Qin, Han, Jin and Tang Dynasties, the Lu family in Wuxian has flourished. It was passed to Lu Hong in the17th century, and his name was Zichun. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yingchuan (now Yuxian County, Henan Province) was the satrap, and later served as Shangshu. Lu Hong passed it on to Lu Kui (25th century), and Shi Jin was an assistant minister of Chinese books. Lu Huan spread to King Lu Qi (the 38th century AD), and in the 18th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (730 AD), he was a scholar, official secretary and supervisor, and was later named Runguogong. King Luqi gave birth to eight children: secretory and? , Jian, Huai, Ba, Yi, Wei, Feng. Lu Qiwang moved from Wu Jun to Jiaxing County in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and his descendants were naturalized in Jiaxing. Its old house is located in the southwest Bao Hua warehouse before the Jiaxing government ruled (this old house was destroyed by the artillery fire of the Japanese invaders in modern times since the Tang Dynasty; Its site is in the original rubber factory of Xiedong Street in the urban area). Wang Qi's fifth son, Baru (39 years old), was an official in the Tang Dynasty and now lives in Jiaxing. Lu Xun, the son of Lu Ban (40th time), was appointed as the governor of Liyang (now Liyang, Jiangsu), and Lu Zhi, the son of Lu Xun (40th time), was born in Jiaxing's hometown. Lu Zhi is the ancestor of the Gong Xuan branch. According to the "Xiushui County Records Lu Genealogy Draft" revised by Jin Dynasty, "There were 41 people from Luhou to Lu Zhi. From the Five Seasons (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period), Xuan Gongzi and his grandchildren have spread all over the country. Twenty-nine branches of Yin Shan (now Shaoxing) are the most prosperous in eastern Zhejiang. There are twelve Xiuzhou (now Jiaxing City) in western Zhejiang, especially. " Therefore, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, almost all Lushi people in Zhejiang are descendants of Lu Zhi. Among them, Lu Dian, Lu You, Lu Bing and Lu Guangzu in the Song Dynasty, Lu Kui-xun in the Qing Dynasty and Lu Zhihong and Lu in modern times are all outstanding descendants. But there are also a few unscrupulous descendants, such as Lu, a traitor and traitor who signed Article 21 during the Beiyang government.
Lu Zhi (754-805): Jing Yu. Although he was born in a famous family in the south of the Yangtze River, his family had declined when he was born. Although his father Lu Ya was an official in Liyang, he died of illness at an early age. Raised by my mother. Tang Daizong entered high school at the age of eighteen after six years of Dali, and should be the highest in knowledge. At the beginning, he was granted the commandant of Zheng County in Huazhou (now southeast of Xichuan County, Henan Province) and moved to Weinan (now north of Weinan County, Shaanxi Province). Tang Dezong acceded to the throne, and was called Hanlin Bachelor by the censor. At that time, the governors were separated, the government was in chaos, the rebels were trapped in Chang 'an, and warlord Zhu Yun proclaimed himself emperor. Together with Tang Dezong, he took refuge in Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province) and became a doctor. Li Huai rebelled, and then he fled from Dezong to Liangzhou (now Nanzheng County, Shaanxi Province) to protest against doctors. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he was transferred to Zhongshu Sheren. After he became a bachelor of Hanlin, he served as a confidential counselor and drafted imperial edicts, which won the court's trust and was called "the inner phase". In the seventh year of Zhenyuan (79 1), he paid homage to the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and made contributions. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), Dezong became the assistant minister of Zhongshu and the prime minister of Pingzhang. At that time, Pei Yanling, assistant minister of the household department, was convicted of adultery, but the courtiers refused to accept it, but Dezong regarded it as a confidant. Dezong ignored Pei Yanling's guilt and gradually alienated Lu Zhi. Pei Yanling slandered Lu Zhi instead, and Dezong stopped Lu Zhi from knowing politics in the tenth year of Zhenyuan (794) and was reduced to be a guest of the Prince. In the spring of the 11th year of Zhenyuan (795), he was banished to Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian, Sichuan). After Tang Shunzong acceded to the throne, imperial edicts were issued, but Lu Zhi died at the age of 52 before the imperial edicts arrived. Choose, later called Lu Wei.
Second, the concept of governing the country.
Lu Zhi was one of the saints in the Tang Dynasty. His knowledge, talent and moral demeanor won praise at that time and later generations. Quan Deyu in Tang Dynasty considered Jia Yi in Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Su Shi thought that Lu Zhi was "a talented person in Wang Zuo, and he would be an official if he learned well", and his literary argumentation and wisdom were comparable to those of Sean in the Han Dynasty. "If Dezong makes full use of him, then Guan Zhen can recover", and he regrets his "untimely officials". When Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty went down to the south of the Yangtze River, he sent people to pay homage to his mausoleum and wrote poems to mourn. In modern times, he was rated as "a great statesman in the Tang Dynasty" and included in the "Top Ten Famous Faces" in ancient times.
His thoughts on governing the country are as follows:
First, people rule the country and put people first.
Lu Zhi was loyal to the Tang Dynasty. Based on the situation at that time, he further expounded the Confucian thought that "the people are the foundation of the country, the foundation of the country is the foundation of the country, and the people are concerned." "If you get more people, you will get the country, and if you lose more people, you will lose the country." He repeatedly emphasized the role of the people and attached importance to their strength. He believes that the monarch should "win the hearts of the people" and "examine the masses". If the masses want anything, your majesty will go first. "Your majesty will go to those very evil people first. Those who want to be evil with the world and not return to the world have never existed. The foundation of husband's chaos lies in people's hearts. The situation is that when the change is shaken, when the crisis turns back, people will fall wherever they plant. Your majesty shall not censor the mob, collude with others, and benefit hundreds of millions, so as to make the Jingbang family! "Of course, in feudal society, the interests of the emperor representing the landlord class and the emperor representing the peasant class are fundamentally different, and it is impossible for them to achieve unity and harmony. Only on the basis of not harming the fundamental interests of the landlord class, can it be possible to coordinate the relationship with the peasant class, and it is possible to "take advantage of the law and serve others." In this way, the rulers can win more "hearts". Therefore, in the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), when there was a major flood in more than 40 States, such as Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Huai, Jing, Hunan, Chen and Xu, he advised "show kindness quickly, show deep concern and sympathy, go their separate ways, publicly mourn the disaster, increase taxes with leniency, and investigate injustice and abuse;" "In order to win the hearts and minds.
Second, advocate "average tax saving" and "supporting the elderly" to develop social economy.
In order to develop social economy, Lu Zhi has published Sharing Tax and Caring for the People for six times, systematically expounding his economic thoughts. He believes that "building an official to build the country, so raising the people, empowering the people to take money, so investing in the country, so if the country does not raise the people first, the country will not stand." "The tax system of the country will also lead to industries with good health and then take what is right. What is needed is also measured by human strength, which is suitable for the soil. If it is not forced, it will not be levied, and if it is not soil, it will not be accepted. " He opposed the exploitation of farmers by the imperial court and thought that "what is important today is to be rich and thin, and to harm the upper and benefit the lower." If it is profitable, it will be safe, and those who suffer less will gain big profits. If people are thick, they will be poor, so those who are temporarily thin will become thick forever. To this end, he proposed a series of improvement measures: limiting land merger, implementing frivolous and thin taxes, and saving state expenditure. The general principle of these measures is to "take care of the poor" and find a balance between the landlord class and the peasants. On the one hand, it embodies Lu Zhi's political proposition of safeguarding the fundamental interests of the landlord class; On the other hand, it shows his great sympathy for the poor peasants. These measures were of progressive significance at that time and played a certain role in easing class contradictions, adjusting production relations and solving economic crisis.
Third, advocate centralization and safeguard national unity.
After the "An Shi Rebellion", there was a separatist situation in the buffer region. When I arrived in Dezong, the local separatist forces strengthened. "Four pseudo-kings, two who arrogate the name of the emperor, and the other Gu Zhan and Huai Er, can't be all." The power of our time is constantly expanding, some of which have been hereditary; "Guanjue, Jia Bing, Renfu and Shoushou are all self-specialized"; Although he is called a vassal, he is not a king. In order to maintain its own rule, removing the buffer region has become a top priority in the Tang Dynasty. To this end, Lu Zhi solemnly put forward that "the right of the founding of the people's Republic of China, in the trial, is large and small at the end, so it can be solid. Therefore, those who govern the world should wear their arms and make their fingers appropriate in size. " He suggested that Dezong strengthen centralization by strengthening cadres and weakening branches. "Only by weakening local forces and focusing on light control can we maintain national unity and stability. He also put forward the policy of "repairing the power of partial abolition to calm people's hearts and restoring the power of rebellion to consolidate power", strengthening the strength of Guanzhong to consolidate imperial power, gradually weakening the separatist forces in the buffer regions, and finally cutting off "fierce rebellion." Finally, during the rule of Dezong, the "four towns rebellion" and the "Huaixi rebellion" were solved, and the local separatist forces were weakened to some extent.
Fourth, rectify official management, fight corruption and promote honesty.
After the Tang Dynasty and China and North Korea, "all officials use ministers, except for them, and all kinds of people are biased", some move several times a month, and some "remain unchanged for several years", so the management of officials is very chaotic. After Lu Zhi became prime minister, in order to rectify the bureaucracy, the officials inside and outside the bureaucracy were divided into three parts, which were elected and counted every year. The disadvantages of choosing a company in this way have changed a lot. This is called being worldly. At that time, he and Jia Dan, Hu Mai, and Zhao Jing jointly assisted the government, and the documents reported were all shirking each other, and no one was convinced. So the previous method was adopted, and the assistant minister took turns to be in power, grasping the pen and making a quick decision, and rotating once every ten days, and the author handled something. It not only solves the problem of bloated officials and shirking each other, but also makes the responsibilities and rights of officials more clear. Lu Zhi believes that when appointing officials, we must adhere to the principle of "seeking talents and leniency, taking exams and being precise". "Seeking talents and valuing the broad" means selecting talents extensively, so that people can "know what they know". Not only the Prime Minister can choose officials, but also the Governor of Taiwan Province Province can recommend talents. "Only when the road to seeking talents is wide can talents recruit each other, and positions and departments can be complacent." "People can not only recommend talents, but also guide their talents." "Taking exams is precious" means "taking responsibility by name", which is assessed according to certain standards. In order to clearly define rewards and punishments and properly raise and lower them, on the basis of "taking the exam", he put forward the "three skills" of "selecting officials by their talents": "First, improve their ability; Second, stop correcting his dereliction of duty; Three days to keep its rules. " Only in this way can talented people get back to work, and those who are mediocre and incompetent and have a vegetarian diet be condemned, so as to ensure the management of officials.
Lu Zhi advocates anti-corruption and honesty. One day in February of the ninth year of Tang Zhenyuan (793), Dezong talked to Lu Zhi and said, "Qingqing is too cautious and refuses all kinds of gifts. I'm afraid things don't work, such as whips and boots. " Lu Zhi sincerely treats the "flogging and the like" of Dezong, and thinks that "taking bribes in prison is beneficial" is to the point. Accepting "gifts" in official business, even if it is only a foot cloth, is also the essence of taking bribes. It is concluded that "beyond the reach of the whip, gold and jade will achieve." Lu Zhi's conclusion is that "accepting bribes such as flogging is endless, which will inevitably lead to the proliferation of bribes. He stressed that superiors should take the lead in self-discipline, not just prohibiting "ignorance of officials", but letting themselves "accept it innocently." "Lu Zhi's theory of anti-corruption rate still has reference significance for today's anti-corruption struggle.
Third, works and relics.
(1) Introduce Lu Zhi's works
Lu Zhi is knowledgeable. Although his articles follow the parallel prose style, they sweep away the floating wind since the Six Dynasties and focus on practicality. His writing is clear as a mountain spring, surging like waves, to the point, full of practical significance, and has a great influence on later generations, so that Su Shi has been imitating all his life and Zeng Guofan has also learned from him. According to the bibliographic records of past dynasties, Lu Zhi wrote the following works. Dai Xu and Tian Feng (1) is a book about Tang Dezong's Western Expedition for the Book of the New Tang Dynasty.
The Edited Records of Xuanzong (Volume 2) is a book written for Song Shiyi Wen Zhi, which describes the anecdotes of Xuanzong (Li Longji) in Tang Dynasty.
According to New Tang Book, Records of Literature and Art and Records of Reading in County Zhai, Chrysanthemum Collection 10, Cao Cao 6 and Shu Shu 6. Its content is extremely extensive, involving the finance, economy, military and the relationship between the separatist regime and Uighur and Tubo in the middle Tang Dynasty. This theory hits the nail on the head and has high historical value. In the Song Dynasty, Sima Guang wrote "Ruling the Country with Children", among which Lu Zhi recited as many as 39 articles. Various editions published in later generations are annotated from these three books: For example, Lu Zhu was published in Wuzhou [Song] Volume 15, and Lu was published in Jiaxing Daoru (13 1 1) Volume 22 in the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty, and will be released in the first year of tomorrow. In the ninth year of Wanli (158 1), Xu Bida published 22 volumes of Lu Memorial, Zhang Boxing published Lu Ji in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, Nian Gengyao published Tang Ji in the first year of Yongzheng (1823), and during the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty (1). After liberation, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House published the Collected Works of Lu 1988.
"Beiju Classical Chinese" consists of 20 volumes, divided into more than 450 volumes, and there are six posts in the main category.
The Record of Envoys 1 volume is recorded in the book The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the Book of the Song Dynasty.
The volume 15 of Collection of Ancient and Modern Formulas was compiled in Zhongzhou when Lu Zhi was demoted from Zhongzhou, and published as a postscript by his descendant Lu You.
(2) Lu Zhi remains.
1, Xuancemetery
According to Lu Nianpu written by Wu in the Ming Dynasty, "He died in Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian County, Sichuan Province) and was buried at the Yuxu Guanbian of Pingfeng Mountain in Zhongzhou." Accordingly, Zhongzhou Zhixuan Cemetery is the burial place of Lu Zhi's body, which is a real grave.
In ancient times, there was a cemetery of Xuan Lu in Xinzixu outside Qimen, Suzhou. The cemetery is large in scale, covering an area of 48 mu, with stone men and women. This is the tomb of clothes.
In the past, there was Xuan Lu Cemetery in Xingfeng, 36 miles east of Jiaxing. There is a bridge in front of the tomb, commonly known as Lu Zhi Tomb Bridge, which is also a cenotaph.
2. Gong Xuan Temple
Gong Xuan Temple in Zhongzhou: Located on the bank of the Yangtze River in the south of Zhongzhou, Sichuan, it was built by Wang Qiu, a well-known figure in Zhongzhou during the reign of Emperor Li Zong (1228- 1233) in the Southern Song Dynasty. The temple was destroyed in the late Ming Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was well known that Wu Lie and Zhang Zhao rebuilt it successively. In the first year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (182 1), Cishi, Youyang magistrate Lu Guangzong and Yibin magistrate Lu Cost donated money to repair the ancestral graves.
Suzhou Gong Xuan Temple: This temple is located at the side of Xinzi Xugongxuan Cemetery outside Qimen, Suzhou, with a grand system. In the early years of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, Wu once carved a portrait of the public in the pagoda beside the temple, and later became famous. In the 16th year of Qing Qianlong (17 15), Wang Shizhen, the governor of Jiangsu province, was asked to rebuild the tombstone and repair the ancestral graves.
Gong Xuan Temple in Huishan, Wuxi: Located in Zhijie, Huishan Town, this temple was founded by Lu, a doctor in the Song Dynasty, and was destroyed by Japanese artillery fire in the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937). After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, in the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), Wuxi Lushi clan elected Lu Yusheng to preside over the preparatory restoration, which started in the summer of that year and was completed in the spring of the following year. The descendants of the family held a Spring Festival ceremony and accepted the memorial tablet of "Emperor Temple" presented by Tang.
Gong Xuan Temple of West Lake in Hangzhou: Located at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain in Bai Causeway, it was originally the villa of Hong Cheng, a calligrapher in Ming Dynasty, and later owned by Lu Bing. Liu Bing claimed to be Gong Xuan. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, he changed the villa into a shrine dedicated to Gong Xuan. The word was large-scale and open to the outside world, and the prosperity of Taige was the highest in Hangzhou at that time. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty visited the south, sent ministers to sacrifice three times and wrote poems at the Gushan Temple four times. Today, I transcribe one:
Sixteen years, Tigushan Temple has been working for a long time.
Riding at the foot of a lonely mountain, paying homage to the ancestral temple of Lu.
I plan to stay and cure the chaos, and pay for my career.
Fang wants to hope for the past, and Su Gong watches over the old.
Dezong is critical of things, while Hu Du knows nothing about virtue.
Gong Xuan Temple in Jiaxing: This temple was built in the third year of Southern Song Dynasty (1 129). Founded by Chengzhou Chengjiu in Zhouxue, it was destroyed in the late Southern Song Dynasty. In the 17th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1538), it was decided that Zhang Benjie should rebuild at Yangliuwan, Baochongfang, Fucheng, which has been built many times since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the temples were large, covering an area of 18 mu. In the 30th year of Qing Qianlong (1765), when Emperor Qianlong visited Jiaxing in the south, Xixian Branch of Pengdun in Haichang, Jingxian Branch of Pinghu and Fengxian Branch of Jiashan jointly donated money to build Gong Xuan Temple in Jiaxing. In the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), Emperor Gong Xuan was ordered to worship the East Hall of the Confucian Temple, but the old temple gradually collapsed, leaving only three main halls. Lu Jun people invited Xi Xianzhi from Pengdun, Haichang, and proposed that the imperial clan donate the main hall, Yimen and other buildings for the spring and autumn festivals, which belonged to the literary schools of various counties. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the temple was destroyed by Taiping rebels' gunfire, leaving only five rafters in the main hall, which was buried in Jingzhen gravel for nearly 50 years. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), Lu Hexiang, a clan relative, went to the shrine to offer sacrifices and rebuilt with Lu, a branch of Jiashan. After more than a year of renovation, the scale is not as good as before. This is the Gong Xuan Temple in Jiaxing that people have been seeing since the Revolution of 1911. Since War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the shrine has been in disrepair. Overall demolition, after 1958, located in Jiaxing Auto Parts Factory at the west end of Anle Road, Liu Yang Road.
Gong Xuan Temple in Haining: This temple is located in Pengdun Village, northeast of Yan Guan Town, Haining. Founded by the 16th Sun Lu in the early Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt in the sixth year of Ming Dynasty (1572). In the seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1742), the descendants of Lu Kexie and Lu Rebuild; Inscription by Depei, Governor of Zhejiang Province. This shrine no longer exists today.
Pinghu Gong Xuan Temple: This temple is located on the left side of Dezang Temple in the east street of Pinghu County, and was built in the thirty-third year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1554). Worship Lu Zhi in Tang Dynasty; Accompanying them were Lu, Zheng Mingxiu, Lu Zongxiu, Ke Qian, Lu Guangzu, the official minister, Lu Chengyuan, the minister of the Ministry of War, Lu Qingyuan, the governor's suggestion, Lu Zhenyu, an official of Jinan Prefecture, and Lu Qilong, an assistant minister of Qing Li. This shrine no longer exists today.
Jiashan Gong Xuan Temple: This temple is located twelve miles northeast of Jiashan County and was built in the Song Dynasty. Lu Yu, the Duke of Song Dynasty, and his descendants lived around the temple, so he was named Luzhuang. After a long time, in the thirty-second year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1553), descendants of Lu Daogan donated to build Tianshan Temple. This shrine no longer exists today.
3. Gong Xuan Reading Station
According to Guangxu's Jia Xing Zhi (Volume 14) and Shi Bei Yi, the reading platform is located in the southwest of Chunbomen, the lake of Machang Lake (South Lake), and the reading office. Now, the inscription on the tortoise shell is lying in the water. " Since the revolution in 19 1 1, this historical relic has not existed.
4. Gong Xuan Bridge and Xuan Expressway
According to Guangxu's "Records of Jiaxing County", Volume 5, "The Bridge" is located on the Yuehe River in the east of Zhidong (Jiaxing) County, and it is said that it was built by the land. " Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, shops on both sides of Gongxuan Bridge have enjoyed a prosperous business. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, after the opening of the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway, Gongxuan Bridge was adjacent to the railway station, and merchants gathered nearby, and the market was active. This is a prosperous area in the east gate of Jiaxing. At the end of 1960s, Gong Xuan Bridge was demolished due to the widening of Changshuitang Water Conservancy Project, and its name was abandoned.
Xuan Highway: It starts from Wuyi Bridge in front of the original railway station in the east and ends at the overpass in the west, with a length of about 230 meters and a width of 2 meters. Formerly known as Station Road, it was changed to Dongfeng Road during the Cultural Revolution. The original Gongxuan Bridge at the western end of Luxi Road no longer exists. In memory of fellow villagers, the highway was changed from 198 1 to Xuan Highway. Between the No.2 and No.3 doorplates of Gong Xuan Highway, there is also a Gong Xuan Lane, which is in the shape of a curved ruler, with a total length of about 80 meters, with dozens of families and an overpass railway shopping mall in the west. At the western end of Gong Xuan Lane, there is a sub-lane-Gong Xuan No.2 Lane, which is about 30 meters long and is inhabited by more than a dozen families. Gong Xuan Road, Gong Xuan Lane and Gong Xuan Lane are the only remaining road names in he cheng to commemorate the hometown sage Lu Zhi. As a politician in the Tang Dynasty, Lu Zhi's reputation will go down in history forever and will remain in the hearts of people in his hometown forever.