How to reform the teaching methods in colleges and universities? 1 Research Status of Curriculum Teaching Methods in Colleges and Universities
Scientific teaching methods are an important means to achieve teaching objectives and ensure teaching quality, so the research on teaching methods has aroused the extensive interest of many educators, psychologists and educators. Yao Limin summarized the research on teaching methods in colleges and universities. Starting from the importance of teaching method research, he and his collaborators expounded the current situation of domestic teaching reform, and thought that although the government and universities have done a lot of work in teaching reform, the reform of teaching methods faces many obstacles such as school administrators, teachers and students. We should break the ice of teaching reform in colleges and universities and innovate teaching methods. Jiang Jiaqiong and others emphasized at the 2009 academic annual meeting of Hunan Higher Education Association that the reform of teaching methods is a breakthrough to improve the teaching quality of colleges and universities.
2. Ideas and means of curriculum teaching method reform in colleges and universities
2. 1 As far as the function of teaching methods is concerned, it is determined by? Send a mermaid? Go? Give people fish? .
The massive growth of knowledge and information, the arrival of a learning society, the uncertainty of college graduates' employment and the possibility of changing careers in the future determine that the success or failure of university teaching should not be measured by the amount of knowledge transfer, but by teaching students learning and research methods, they should enhance their awareness of knowledge transfer or application and cultivate their ability to find, analyze and solve problems. Therefore, it is necessary to change the teaching methods that focus on teaching, imparting knowledge and instilling. Teaching method is to develop and cultivate students' ability while imparting knowledge, strengthen the guidance of learning methods and research methods, pay attention to improving students' ability to acquire knowledge independently, practice ability and innovation ability, and develop students' adaptability and innovation ability.
2.2 On the guiding ideology of teaching methods, it has developed from injection to heuristic. Higher education in China should cultivate high-quality professionals and top-notch innovative talents. Students are not passive recipients of knowledge and information. They must actively construct knowledge, devote themselves to learning and take the initiative to learn, and teachers must inspire and guide students to learn. Therefore, the indoctrination teaching method should be abolished and replaced by heuristic teaching method to teach students to think, discover, understand and generate, establish the logical connection between knowledge and find the correlation between knowledge and life and future work. Which is more important, the combination of teaching method and learning method? Teaching? Light? Study? Turn heavy? Study? Explore and adopt teaching methods that help students master knowledge, develop their abilities and cultivate their emotions or personalities. In teaching, students can learn learning and research methods, cultivate their autonomous learning and innovative learning ability, improve their independence and level of learning activities and improve their learning efficiency.
2.3 Teaching content optimization and teaching method reform. Teaching content is the carrier of teachers' teaching, and it is also the basic material for teachers and students to teach, generate and innovate. Even if the best teaching method is used to teach old, useless, meaningless or worthless, vague and chaotic teaching content, it will not have ideal teaching effect. Therefore, the reform of teaching methods must be combined with the optimization of teaching content, and the reform of teaching methods should be implemented on the basis of constructing scientific and reasonable teaching content and curriculum system, constructing excellent courses and optimizing course teaching content.
2.4 Pay attention to the role of non-intellectual factors. The theoretical research of contemporary psychology and pedagogy shows that intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors are closely related and interact in the teaching process. Non-intelligence factors mainly include ideals, emotions, will, personality, temperament and so on. Although these factors are not directly involved in students' cognitive and learning activities, they are the spiritual pillar of students' intellectual activities and the dynamic system of learning process, so teaching activities can be smoothly adjusted and carried out, thus greatly affecting the development of students' intellectual level.
2.5 Effective application of modern teaching methods (such as multimedia). With the rapid development of science and technology and the sharp increase of knowledge and information, traditional teaching methods can not fully meet the requirements of modern teaching. Only by using more scientific and modern technology and equipment to serve the teaching, can the teaching quality be effectively improved and the task of personnel training be completed.
2.6 the improvement of teaching mode. In the process of teaching, we should attach importance to students' practical ability. In the process of theoretical teaching, we should not only attach importance to students' dominant position, but also emphasize the interaction between teachers and students, so as not to give students a full house and ignore their listening experience; In the experimental teaching, because the experimental contents include geochemical data processing, geochemical mapping and data interpretation and evaluation, the requirements for teachers and students are higher. This requires advocating teacher-student interaction in the reform of teaching mode. In the field geological practice, a series of professional practical skills such as geochemical sampling, macroscopic observation of lithofacies, sample marking and sample processing are cultivated to improve students' ability to combine theoretical knowledge with field practice.
How to reform the teaching methods in colleges and universities (1) and how to establish them? Student-oriented? The teaching concept of "one"
Students and teachers are two indispensable subjects in the cultivation of talents in universities. Teachers are the subject of teaching and students are the subject of learning. Without any party, a university is no longer a university, and there is no way to cultivate talents. Therefore, the people-oriented educational concept includes? Student-oriented? With what? Teacher-oriented? . ? Student-oriented? It is necessary to establish the idea that promoting students' development is the first priority, and whether it can effectively promote students' development is the only criterion to measure the success or failure of teaching reform. Teachers choose teaching methods in order to better promote the optimization of teaching process and achieve teaching goals efficiently. In the process of teaching method innovation, we should not only follow the principles and laws of teaching, but also conform to students' learning possibilities and individual differences. Mr. Pan Yuyuan has his own unique views on this? There is no absolute difference in teaching methods in colleges and universities? ,? The reform of teaching methods in colleges and universities does not seek to get rid of so-called bad teaching methods and adopt good methods, nor does it seek to get rid of traditional methods and adopt modern methods, but seeks to establish correct educational ideas or concepts, and skillfully choose the most appropriate methods to achieve the goal according to teaching objectives, teaching contents, teachers' own personality and students' situation.
According to the survey results (see table 1), students' foundation and learning attitude are one of the three major factors that hinder teachers from innovating teaching methods. Therefore, in the process of teaching method innovation, we should attach importance to students' subjectivity and teachers should change their attitudes. Pay attention to people's style? And the traditional teaching method characterized by rote memorization, adhering to the modern teaching concept, attaching importance to students' subjective position and dynamic role in the learning process, stimulating and maintaining students' learning motivation and interest, cultivating students' subjective spirit, cultivating students' self-awareness and innovative spirit, making the teaching process a process of joint participation and cooperation between teachers and students, and also a process of students' active learning and dynamic development.
(2) Actively explore and establish a scientific and reasonable teaching management mechanism.
Scientific management system can ensure the orderly development of teaching reform and achieve the set goals smoothly. Teaching reform is bound to be accompanied by system construction and system innovation. Without system construction, it is impossible to ensure the smooth implementation of teaching reform. Without institutional innovation, it is difficult to make a breakthrough in teaching reform In the process of teaching method innovation, the problems of low return rate and difficult coordination between teaching and scientific research are particularly prominent. In addition, it is difficult to get project support, the communication and cooperation environment between teachers is poor, and the teaching facilities and conditions are insufficient. It is far from enough for the reform of teaching methods to rely only on teachers' spontaneous consciousness, which requires the full cooperation of the government, society, schools, teachers and students. As far as schools are concerned, they should actively establish a resource guarantee mechanism for teaching method innovation and give financial support; In order to change the situation of attaching importance to scientific research and neglecting teaching in the teacher evaluation system, we should treat the relationship between teaching and scientific research differently according to the different situations of teachers. Deal with the relationship between teaching indicators and scientific research indicators when evaluating professional titles and performance; Give full play to the guiding role of reward and evaluation, create an atmosphere of innovation in teaching methods, guide teachers to attach importance to the application and practice of teaching methods, and encourage teachers to explore teaching methods; Draw lessons from the practices of other universities in the construction of teaching methods, establish various channels for the exchange of teaching experience, so that teachers can share the experiences and experiences of other peers in time in the process of exploring teaching methods; Introduce incentive policies, require famous professors to undertake teaching work and actively explore the establishment of a scientific and reasonable teaching management mechanism.
(3) Give full play to the exemplary role of famous teachers in teaching.
Under the new situation, teachers' professional development and the guidance of famous teachers' disciplines should become an important part of the management of famous teachers. The so-called famous teachers in colleges and universities can be understood as famous or prestigious teachers who have high academic attainments, teaching art and teaching achievements, and are knowledgeable, moral and respected among college teachers. [10] According to the spirit of Opinions of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance on Implementing Undergraduate Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Project in Colleges and Universities (Jiao Gao [2007] 1No.), the award of famous teachers in colleges and universities has been changed from once every three years to once a year, and teachers who have made outstanding contributions in the field of teaching and personnel training have been strongly commended. It can be seen that the competent department of higher education attaches importance to and affirms the famous teachers. As an important part of college teachers, famous teachers themselves have excellent characteristics worth learning from other college teachers. Most teachers recognize the role of famous teachers in teaching and scientific research, but most teachers also think that the exemplary role of famous teachers in China is not played enough at present. Through the statistical analysis of the sources of teaching methods of college teachers, we find that 83.7% of teachers think that the main source of their teaching methods is self-study and exploration, 65.3% teachers think that they observe and learn from their colleagues, and the proportion of teachers from special training and inheritance is not large. This shows that the teaching methods of college teachers can not be obtained by simple training. The innovation of teaching methods of college teachers should give full play to teachers' subjective initiative and the exemplary role of famous teachers. Colleges and universities can impart innovative experience or experience by putting famous teachers on the platform, offering famous teachers to observe classes, or organizing famous teachers to give a series of lectures, which is practical and a good way to cultivate innovative teaching methods for college teachers.
(4) Strengthen training and guidance, and comprehensively improve the teaching quality of teachers.
The implementation of scientific and reasonable teaching methods must depend on teachers' knowledge level, teaching ability and teachers' quality. The development of new technology has changed the way of knowledge dissemination, which requires teachers to have the ability to use advanced technology, organize teaching activities with an equal and modest attitude, have the knowledge of pedagogy and psychology, have the ability to guide and inspire students to ask questions, and have the ability to support students to ask questions. In order to meet the teaching needs under the new situation, colleges and universities should improve and perfect the training system for young teachers and strengthen the policy guidance for the construction of teachers. Teachers must learn advanced international educational ideas and methods, constantly absorb new ideas and methods, aim at developing personality and cultivating innovative talents, and explore and cultivate students' innovative consciousness and ability in teaching. Seriously study educational theory and psychology, improve the quality of educational theory, broaden professional knowledge and improve academic level. Only in this way can we become a qualified educator who meets the requirements of the times and shoulder the heavy responsibility of cultivating innovative talents.
How to reform teaching methods in colleges and universities (1) The teaching concept of attaching importance to knowledge transmission and neglecting ability training still exists.
Teachers are the executors of teaching and play a leading role in teaching. The key to the innovation of teaching methods lies in whether the role of teachers is fully exerted and whether the modern teaching concept of teachers is truly established. Educational reform project of the Ministry of Education? Research on the Innovation of Teaching Methods of University Teachers? Through the questionnaire survey of students and teachers, the research group found that teachers did not cultivate students' ability enough; Most students think that teachers spend far more time on imparting knowledge than on cultivating their abilities. More than 5% students believe that the interaction between teachers and students in the classroom is generally influenced by traditional teaching concepts. Teachers pay more attention to and are used to imparting knowledge when organizing teaching contents and activities, and when allocating time for imparting knowledge and cultivating ability. A word? 、? Sing a one-man show? It is difficult for teachers to change the habit of listening to students. Traditional teaching methods are still the first choice for university teachers. We know that traditional teaching methods have their own advantages, but they also have some shortcomings, which are not conducive to promoting the cultivation of students' ability. Although some teachers have a certain understanding of the innovation of teaching methods, few teachers have conducted in-depth research and discussion on how to innovate teaching methods, let alone put them into practice.
(B) the current teaching management is not conducive to the innovation of teaching methods
Establishing and perfecting the school management system and supporting measures is a necessary guarantee to promote the teaching reform in colleges and universities and realize its ultimate goal. At present, what kind of classes, what kind of classes, what kind of teaching methods, how teachers control different courses, and what kind of support the school's policy system should provide are all problems that China University often ignores. According to our survey data of ordinary teachers (table below 1), the top five factors that affect the innovation of teaching methods are low return rate (47.8%), heavy scientific research and social work tasks, insufficient energy (37.3%), poor students' basic and learning attitude (34.5%), and insufficient guarantee of teaching facilities and conditions (34. 1%).
The current teaching management system and supporting measures in colleges and universities are not perfect, and the phenomenon of attaching importance to scientific research and neglecting teaching still exists. The incentive mechanism for promoting teaching method innovation is not enough, and the material conditions and application environment involved in teaching method innovation need to be strengthened. When teaching management is difficult to create a harmonious environment, teaching methods are also difficult to innovate. Schools should adopt fundamental encouragement policies and measures, truly establish an atmosphere to enhance education, and pay attention to? Teaching reform? Implement teaching management reasonably and effectively, and stimulate teachers' enthusiasm for innovative teaching methods.
(C) the teaching evaluation mechanism is not perfect
China's current teaching evaluation system (that is, the evaluation of undergraduate teaching level by the Ministry of Education) has been highly valued by colleges and universities, which has promoted undergraduate teaching. However, as far as teaching methods are concerned, in the whole evaluation system, it only serves as? Specialty construction and teaching reform? Below? Courses? Indicator in. According to this evaluation, it is difficult to see the position and role of teaching methods in the whole teaching work of the school, let alone promote the reform and innovation of teaching methods in colleges and universities. Through the investigation on the innovation of teaching methods of college teachers, it is found that college teachers are innovating teaching methods at present, and think that? Almighty? Only 7.2%? More? Only 36.8%? How many? The highest proportion is 465,438+0% OLAL. In other words, at present, the innovative research and practice of teaching methods by college teachers have not yet formed an atmosphere, and they are still in the stage of their own exploration.
Compared with scientific research, college teaching lacks effective competition mechanism and incentive measures. The mismatch between the spirit of policy system and teaching requirements is the main obstacle to the innovation of university teaching methods. The emphasis on the innovation of teaching methods mostly stays in meetings and documents, and the necessary measures and restriction mechanisms are lacking in practice. For example, when teachers adopt research-based teaching with both teachers' participation and problem-centered, and emphasize that students absorb knowledge, apply knowledge, discover knowledge and even solve problems in the research process, so as to cultivate students' exploration spirit and innovation ability, it is difficult to measure teachers' workload and examine students' learning situation because of the imperfect teaching evaluation mechanism. In addition, in recent years, the guiding role of professional title evaluation and assessment policy has led teachers to pay more attention to scientific research than teaching; Compared with work attitude, responsibility and professionalism, more attention is paid to papers and achievements. These are not conducive to the teaching reform of college teachers. Only when the evaluation comes not only from the administrative pressure, but from the teachers' internal development needs, can teachers' enthusiasm and creativity be stimulated to the maximum extent and the teaching quality be improved better.
The evaluation of students also affects teachers' choice of teaching methods. The evaluation of students by schools and teachers should not be limited to the assessment of knowledge mastery. The focus of teaching should shift from imparting knowledge to cultivating ability, and from focusing on students' mastery of knowledge to cultivating practical ability and innovative thinking. We should evaluate students' learning with a diversified and adaptive quality view. Scientific and reasonable evaluation of students is more conducive to teachers to improve teaching methods and improve teaching quality.