1. On the purpose and function of education
Comenius affirmed the great role of education in social development and personal development. He believes that the ultimate goal of education is to prepare for eternal life; The direct purpose of education is to serve real life and cultivate people with knowledge, morality and filial piety.
2. On the principle that education adapts to nature
The principle of "education adapts to nature" is the fundamental guiding principle of Comenius' whole mathematical education thought system. Comenius believes that "education adapts to nature" includes two meanings: first, education should adapt to the development law of nature; Second, education should adapt to children's natural development, that is, to children's nature and age characteristics.
3. On universal education and unified academic system.
Comenius put forward the idea of "pan-intellectual education", thinking that the basic function of school education should be to give people a wide range of knowledge education, and education should "teach everyone everything". On this basis, the idea of universal education is put forward and the idea of unified education system is discussed.
Comenius also discussed the necessity of universal education and thought that people should become rational animals. This paper discusses the possibility of universal education and holds that everyone can receive general education. This paper discusses that the main place for universal education should be located in public primary schools, because dealing with common affairs requires appropriate systems.
In order to facilitate the national management of schools and give all children the opportunity to go to school, Comenius advocated the establishment of a unified national academic system. He divided his life into four periods and advocated setting up corresponding schools in stages according to this age.
4. Academic year system and class teaching system
Comenius' greatest learning system and one of his contributions to modern pedagogy is his classroom teaching system and its theory.
According to the academic year system, students are enrolled once a year, and students study at the same time, so that the learning progress of the whole class is consistent. At the end of the school year, students of the same grade will be promoted at the same time after passing the exam: all grades should start school at the same time; He also stressed that school work should be planned, so that all work can be carried out as planned, monthly, weekly, daily and hourly.
5. On teaching principles
(1) Intuition principle. Comenius demonstrated the necessity of intuitive teaching on the basis of sensory theory, and demanded that "everything should be put in front of feelings as much as possible".
(2) The principle of gradual progress. Comenius advocates reasonable arrangement of the order of teaching subjects, from near to far, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, from known to unknown, from concrete to abstract, and at the same time, it should be suitable for children's age characteristics.
(3) the principle of merger. Comenius requires students to master knowledge on the basis of understanding and practice and apply what they have learned.
(4) the principle of initiative and consciousness. Comenius advocates "stimulating children's desire for knowledge and learning by all possible means" to improve students' initiative and consciousness in learning.
(5) The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Comenius suggested that teaching should be targeted according to students' age characteristics, knowledge level and individual differences.
6. On moral education
Comenius attached great importance to moral education. In his view, moral education is more important than intellectual education. Comenius separated the cultivation of secular morality from religious education and became an independent part. He took wisdom, courage, temperance and justice as his moral education content, and incorporated a brand-new concept-labor education into the moral education content. His moral education methods mainly include: starting positive education as soon as possible; Form the habit of moral behavior from action; Examples; Teaching and rules; Avoid bad social interaction and punishment.
7, about the teaching content and teaching materials
(1) About the teaching content
Comenius' educational and teaching thought is closely related to his "Cosmic Wisdom Theory". The basic spirit of the theory of universal wisdom is that all people should acquire extensive knowledge and develop wisdom through education. To this end, he designed an encyclopedic teaching content for the school.
In the period of maternal and child education, that is, family education, children should be trained in their senses, planted with seeds of knowledge in their hearts, and have a preliminary understanding of society and nature. In schools in China, children should learn to read, write, calculate, measure, draw, astronomy, geography, history and skills. Mandarin is the main teaching content of Chinese schools. In Latin schools, students not only learn the traditional "seven arts" (namely, grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy), but also increase the study of natural sciences, such as physics, human anatomy and geography. In addition, there are ethics and theology. The content of university study is relatively extensive, generally divided into theology, medicine and law, and the subjects offered are very rich.
(2) In textbooks
Comenius has always attached importance to the compilation of teaching materials, and his teaching materials "Introduction to Linguistics" and "World Map" are widely circulated and have great influence. He believes that schools should adopt unified textbooks and teaching guides; The compilation of teaching materials should be gradual, systematic and coherent, in line with the laws of students' physical and mental development; The content of teaching materials should be appropriate and practical; Writing textbooks in Mandarin, the language should be concise; Children's textbooks should be accompanied by illustrations to facilitate children's understanding and memory. Illustrated World embodies Comenius' above thought. This book is his first children's book written in Mandarin. Comenius himself drew more than 200 illustrations for this book. After the book was published, it was quickly translated into many languages and became the first illustrated children's education book in the history of western education.
8. Educational management thought
Comenius believes that the state has the highest power to manage education and should not hand it over to the church and other social forces.
Advocate the state to set up inspectors and teach throughout the country.