While studying in Japan, Zhou Lan was angry with the decadent Qing dynasty, which was weak and poor. While studying angrily, he took an active part in anti-Qing activities and the League organized by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing.
Before the Revolution of 1911, Zhou Lan returned to China to take part in the revolution. During this period, he married Huang, who was born in a noble family in Hunan. The elders of the Huang family knew that he was a poor man living alone, but out of love, they entrusted Su Xianlie and Tan to betroth their eldest daughter to him. Zhou's wife, Huang, was born in a wealthy family, but she is virtuous, capable, strong and cheerful. After the marriage, she left her rich family and Zhou Lan, and stood on her own two feet, sharing weal and woe. She was diligent in housework, so Zhou Lan was carefree all her life and devoted herself to the democratic revolution, teaching and scientific research. Shortly after Zhou Lan's marriage, he rushed to Wuhan, the Shouyi District of the Revolution of 1911, and founded the Republic of China Daily in Hankou with Li Jiannong, Yang Duanliu and Pi Zongshi Ren Kainan to publicize the democratic revolution. Because the newspaper actively opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to be emperor, the newspaper was closed down and its editor was wanted. Zhou fled to Shanghai alone, got Huang Xing's support and help, and got official fees from Hunan Province. He left his hometown again in 19 13 and went to the university of Edinburgh in England.
While studying in Britain, Zhou Lan changed her name to Zhou Yusheng. During his eight years studying in Europe, he not only obtained a master's degree in political science from Edinburgh University, but also won a gold medal. Later, he went to France for further study and obtained a doctorate in international law from the University of Paris, France.
192 1 year, Zhou Yusheng returned from Europe and became the editor-in-chief of Shanghai Commercial Press. In the second year, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, he went to Peking University as a professor and head of the political department. 1923, Zhou Yusheng wrote "Consular Jurisdiction", which, from the perspective of international law, certified that the consular jurisdiction that violated national sovereignty "cannot be allowed to exist". In response to the opposition of the great powers on the grounds of harsh criminal law in China, poor prison conditions, indiscriminate judicature and discrimination against foreigners, Zhou Jiasheng believed that abolishing consular jurisdiction should improve the irrationality of judicature. China should not only have perfect laws, but also improve the popularization of courts, the system of selecting judges and the perfection of lawyer society. 1924 (13) At the end of the year, he participated in the campaign to correct unequal treaties and published Ten Lectures on Unequal Treaties.
1923, when Zhou Yusheng was teaching in Peking University, he proposed to learn from the Russian October Revolution, make revolutionary innovations in diplomacy, and break the net of "unequal treaty system" that fetters China.
1926 After the Northern Expedition began, he gave up his teaching position at Peking University and went south to Guangzhou to take part in the revolution. Later, the Northern Expeditionary Army came to Wuhan and then transferred to Nanjing. /kloc-in the winter of 0/926, the Northern Expedition Revolutionary Army hit the Yangtze River valley. At the invitation of Chen Youren, Foreign Minister of Wuhan National Government, Zhou Yusheng served as an adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to promote the restoration of state power. 1927 to 1 year, participated in assisting the national government to recover the British concessions in Hankou and Jiujiang by revolutionary diplomacy. In August of the same year, Zhou Yusheng wrote a book "Revolutionary Diplomacy" based on his experience in participating in foreign affairs in Wuhan. He believes that when dealing with sophisticated imperialism, we should adopt "active and offensive" diplomacy, "use the power of the people", "break all stereotypes and existing rules" and "break all existing international rules, practices or treaties". This is his brilliant summary of the revolutionary diplomatic practice at that time. When the Nanjing government was founded, he refused to be a legislator of the Legislative Yuan, and served as a professor and head of the political department at National Southeast University (changed to National Central University the following year). Later, at the invitation of the national government, he engaged in constitutional affairs, but resigned a few months later because he opposed Chiang Kai-shek.
From 65438 to 0928, Cai Yuanpei, president of Nanjing National Government University, appointed him to establish the National Wuhan University with Li Siguang, Wang Xinggong, Mai, Zeng Zhaoan and others. 1929 September as a professor, head of law department and head of political department in Wuhan University. During this period, the Outline of International Law was published. In Zhou Yusheng's life, the teaching and research of international law occupied more than half of his career. When teaching at Peking University, Southeast University and Wuhan University, he taught five or six courses. Even when Wu Da was the provost and principal, he never divorced from his teaching work, teaching for at least two hours a week.
Because he is knowledgeable and diligent in research, the textbooks used are all his own works and new achievements of his continuous research, so his classroom is always packed, and even the windows are crowded with students. During the twenty years from 192 1 to 1945, Zhou Yusheng wrote more than a dozen monographs and hundreds of important academic papers, which played an important role in cultivating talents in the field of politics and law in China and promoting academic development in this field. His book "Outline of International Law" was once the designated reference book of the International Law Section of the Faculty of Law of Imperial University in Tokyo, Japan. His book Winning Peace in the Pacific (1944) was published in the United States, which aroused the interest and concern of international law scholars.
1930, Zhou Yusheng put forward the theory of state diplomacy, arguing that a country's foreign policy should be "directly or indirectly led by the people (through state representative organs)." Although there were many documents and international treaties related to the concept of state diplomacy before Zhou Yisheng, Zhou Yisheng confirmed, summarized and summarized the concept of diplomatic democratization for the first time from a theoretical perspective. He showed authority in China's diplomatic theory. Just when Zhou Yisheng, Li Siguang, Wang Xinggong, Liu Shuqi and others founded Wuda University, they got a clue. In September, 193 1, news came that the Japanese invaders occupied the three northeastern provinces of China. Suddenly, the whole school was furious. Zhou Yisheng delivered a speech at the memorial week meeting of the premier of the whole school, accusing the government of not resisting and giving in, and thinking that the United States cannot be trusted. With the deepening of Japanese aggression, at the critical moment of the Chinese nation's peril, Zhou Yusheng took international law as a weapon and actively stood at the forefront of propagating the war of resistance.
1932, an Englishman, Sir Leiden, led the League of Nations Investigation Team to investigate the September 18th Incident in China. Some members are partial to Japanese imperialism, saying that the incident was caused by our compatriots boycotting Japanese goods and anti-Japanese movements. Zhou Yusheng participated in this conversation with the investigation team. He quoted the classics and combined the facts, which impressed the whole team and played a very good role in writing a more objective report for the investigation team later. During the Anti-Japanese War, he gave no less than 30 speeches to teachers and students of Wu Da University, among which the most important ones are listed as follows: Japan's policy of aggression against China, the East Province incident and the League of Nations, the people's due understanding of the East Province incident, how to solve the East Province incident, the international investigation team and the League of Nations Committee, the international disarmament conference, the international situation of the East Province incident, the new situation of the East Province incident and foreign affairs and national defense. Looking at the contents of these speeches, there are the following characteristics: first, I am extremely resentful of Japanese robbers and deeply love the motherland and people. Second, in the struggle against Japan, we should pay attention to the strategies and means of struggle, and make full use of the contradictions among major powers and the tools of world public opinion to contain and attack Japan. Third, it is expected that the Sino-Japanese war will be protracted, arduous and complicated. Fourth, mobilize all forces, regardless of class, unite as one, resist to the death and oppose compromise and surrender. Fifth, the war of resistance should be hard and practical, and adhere to the principle of doing more and talking less. Sixth, profoundly reveal that the root of China's occupation by the Japanese lies in its weakness. Seventh, it is emphasized that the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China is fighting not only for the independence of China and the survival of the nation, but also for the justice and justice of the world. He said: "China only fought the vanguard in the War of Resistance. Some people think that this is stupid. We must know that the great cause and sacred mission in the world must be somewhat stupid. " Eighth, it reveals that the purpose of the United States and Britain participating in the war is for their own interests.
1July, 932, Zhou Yusheng went to Chiang Kai-shek's residence several times to explain international law and China's diplomacy. On July 20th, he analyzed the international situation for Chiang Kai-shek. 22, talk about consular jurisdiction and concession; On 26th, he explained to Chiang Kai-shek the policies of the League of Nations, the First World War and Wilson's peace plan. From 65438 to 0936, Zhou Yusheng was promoted to the president of Wuhan University. While continuing to train China's diplomatic talents, he gradually became a diplomatic adviser to the highest authorities of the National Government.
During the Anti-Japanese War, Zhou Yusheng not only used international law to give speeches everywhere to encourage the war of resistance, but also personally organized people to resist Japan and donated money and materials to support it. 1In August, 933, he was elected as a member of the Eastern Committee of Wuhan University, and most of the anti-Japanese war messages sent by Wuhan University came from him.
At the beginning of 1938, Chiang Kai-shek set up the Military Commission Counselor's Office as the staff office, with Zhou Yusheng as the counselor. On March 6, Chiang Kai-shek selected Zhou Yusheng as his think tank candidate in his diary. On March 7, Zhou Yusheng attended the symposium of the Military Commission Counselor's Office presided over by Chiang Kai-shek personally, and participated in the discussion on the diplomacy of the Anti-Japanese War and the mobilization of the national spirit. On July 2 1 day, Zhou Yusheng drafted a diplomatic strategy as a counselor to provide reference for the central government's decision-making. Zhou Yusheng believes that as far as the international situation is concerned, Soviet Russia "will not be the first to fight against Japan in any case"; Britain has also "resolutely embarked on the road of realistic compromise policy" in 1938, and "the day of starting diplomatic activities of compromise in the Far East will not be far away"; The United States "is still constrained by isolationist forces"; As for the League of Nations, it was because Britain and France were "unwilling to actively implement the resolutions of the League of Nations" that the League of Nations was "unable to act in international affairs". In view of all kinds of unfavorable international situations, Zhou Yusheng's prescription for China's diplomacy is that a country should not prepare to send troops to aid China alone, and should pay attention to avoid becoming a victim of compromise diplomacy. Under the situation of protracted war of resistance, he should instigate an international or joint intervention based on Anglo-American cooperation. In his view, at a time when two groups of aggression and democracy are emerging in the world, "China's interests and destiny are linked with the world's democratic countries", which is increasingly harmful to German and Italian policies. "We must never make expectations that are beneficial to us". The history of World War II confirmed his prediction.
From April 65438 to April 0939, Zhou Yusheng and Qian Duansheng were sent to the United States to fight for American aid to China and embargo against Japan, to explore the diplomatic trend of the United States, and to feed back their opinions directly to the decision-making level. 1939 in may, he participated in the China branch of the congress of the international anti-aggression movement and was elected as a director. In the same year, as an adviser to the China delegation, he attended a meeting in San Francisco, USA. In the first ten days of February, 65438, Zhou Yusheng wrote to Wang Shijie, Minister of Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee, four times, stating that "preventing Japan and the United States from signing a new business contract (after the Japanese-American business contract expires) and promoting the United States to ban Japanese goods" and "obtaining new loans (to China) should be the top priority of China's diplomacy. He actively carried out activities, met with high-level people in the private sector and inquired about the trends of the American ruling and opposition parties. Before and after the meeting of the Pacific Institute of International Studies, Zhou Yusheng actively met with Lowell, president of Harvard University, and Holcomb, an influential professor of political science in Washington, and basically found out the tendency of the American ruling and opposition parties towards China and their views on Sino-Japanese issues, which can be roughly divided into three factions: "internationalists" tend to implement the embargo bill against Japan in Congress; The "eclectics" advocated that Congress should not pass the embargo bill against Japan, so as not to cause the US-Japan war; "Isolationists" advocate that "the United States withdraws from Far East politics" and "regardless of the dispute between China and Japan". 1940+ 10, Zhou Yusheng reported to Wang Shijie the details of American activities to aid China and control Japan, especially the "Open Letter on Banning Japanese Goods" published by Army Minister Stimson in time, pointing out that the voice of American media sympathy for China prevailed. At the beginning of February, Zhou Yusheng continued to stay in the United States for diplomatic activities at the invitation of Hu Shizhi; In March, he sent a letter to Wang Shijie, proposing "inviting powerful Americans to observe in China", hoping that the government would put forward an economic construction plan for the southwest region and attract American industrialists to invest directly in China. In the following years, Zhou Yusheng gave lectures in the United States and continued to observe American diplomatic trends. 1in July, 1944, Zhou Yusheng served as an adviser to the China delegation in preparation for the United Nations conference in San Francisco. 1945 At the beginning of July, on the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang government agreed that Wang Xinggong should be transferred to the post of President of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, and decided that Zhou Yusheng would take over as President of Wuhan University. When Zhou Yusheng was appointed as the principal, he faced two most urgent problems: First, because of the strong progress and fierce struggle of Wu Da University, many people and things were reported by secret agents, and the principal was in a dilemma. Second, the victory of the Anti-Japanese War is just around the corner, and there is an urgent need to relocate and demobilize Wuchang. Zhou Yusheng's attitude towards the first question is to take Mr. Cai Yuanpei as an example and never expel a student without reason. Secondly, however, during the Anti-Japanese War, the school building in Luojiashan was first occupied by the Japanese field army, and then by the Japanese field hospital and civilian officials. After the Japanese invaders surrendered, the school building in Luojiashan was still magnificent on the surface, but the internal facilities of the school building were completely destroyed: teachers and students eagerly hoped that Luojiashan would return to the East. Moving eastward is more difficult than moving westward. First, the number of teachers and staff in the school has more than tripled, and the total number of teachers and students has reached 3290. There are still a large number of books, archives, instruments and equipment to be shipped, including 939 tons of public property alone. In addition, the price has increased by 2000 times. When I moved to Leshan, I only spent 27,000 yuan (legal tender, the same below). After ten years of currency devaluation, it took 2.92 billion yuan to return to Luojiashan in the east. Second, there is a shortage of transportation. Most of the main means of transportation, such as airplanes and ships, were requisitioned by Kuomintang administrative officials and the army, and the school demobilization could only rely on rafts and hiking. Thanks to President Zhou Yusheng's careful planning and arrangement, it was finally solved one by one. On March 1946, the first batch of goods set sail from Leshan, and the first batch of personnel set off on June 20 of the same year. Teachers and students went through hardships and finally returned to the East safely. 1946 10 3 1, the teachers and students who arrived in Luojiashan ahead of time held the "18th Anniversary and 35th Opening Ceremony of Wuda University" in the school auditorium.
At this point, President Zhou Yusheng immediately set out to restore the Agricultural College and set up the Medical College. Wu Da Agricultural College had begun to take shape before the Anti-Japanese War, and was ordered to merge with the Agricultural College of Central University when it moved westward. Ye was hired as the preparatory director of this restoration: as early as 935, Wu Da bought more than 5,000 mu of farmland orchards and forest farms in Moshan, East Lake. After eight years of occupation, most of them were abandoned. Ye presided over the reclamation and planting, which made Moshan Forest Farm put on green clothes again. By the eve of liberation, Wudayi College had developed into four departments: agronomy, forestry, horticulture and agrochemical. 1946 10. Wuda set out to establish a medical school, and hired (Li was a student studying in Britain, a member of the Royal British Medical Association, and then the president of Guiyang Medical College during the Anti-Japanese War) as the director of the preparatory establishment. The medical college has disciplines such as anatomy 18, and there is an affiliated hospital and nursing school in Dongchangkou, Wuchang. Scientific research also has a positive and good momentum. In the case of financial difficulties, the publications that were once closed were founded and resumed. Wu Da's library has always been rich, but after thousands of miles moving to the west and returning to the east, coupled with the bombing damage of Japanese enemy planes, it suffered serious losses. However, under the auspices of Professor Zeng Zhaoan, there are still 154455 volumes, which provide good conditions for teaching and scientific research. After decades of efforts, Wuhan University has continuously improved its teaching quality and academic level, and won a reputation at home and abroad. On February 20th, 1948, the Department of International Culture and Education of the Ministry of Education informed the school that Oxford University in the United Kingdom had recognized the graduate status of graduates from Oxford Wuda University, that is, graduates from Wuda University could study in Oxford according to their examination results. Enjoy the same treatment as Peking University, Tsinghua, Nankai, Central China, Zhejiang University and Concord University. At the end of 1948, when Academia Sinica elected academician 1949, Wu Da had selected nine candidates. With the continuous improvement of the academic status of Wuhan University, the academic exchange activities between Wuhan University and foreign countries have become increasingly frequent.
After Wu Da moved back to Luojiashan, the school was short of funds. In order to fight the civil war, the Kuomintang has repeatedly tightened education funds. On March 24th, 1947, President Zhou Yusheng reported at the general meeting of the whole school: "The recurrent cost of the school is only11000000 yuan per month, while in February, 1947, the whole school spent 26 million yuan on water and electricity alone." The total cost of a month is not enough for utilities, and the dilemma of teaching and scientific research can be imagined. Besides, prices continued to rise at that time. 1948 1 month, school staff only need 1 10,000 yuan to buy tickets by car, which rose to 600,000 yuan in August. It can be seen that the national economic situation was chaotic at that time, and it was even more difficult for Zhou Yusheng to run a school at this time. However, Zhou Yusheng was impressed by the spirit of Cai Yuanpei, a great educator, and thought that to run a university well, first of all, there must be excellent teachers. Therefore, he is thirsty for talents, recruiting talents from all walks of life, regardless of sects, whether it is the Anglo-American school or the German-Japanese school, and employs scholars and experts with real talents and practical learning. From 1939 to 1945, during his lectures in the United States, he paid great attention to selecting talents among international students. Selected international students are always invited in person. From 1945 to the early days of liberation, more than 50 young professors were recruited from American students, such as Zhang and Han Depei. , bringing together new and old scholars and talents. According to statistics, there are 297 teachers in Wuhan University 1948, nearly 100 more than 1946. Among them, there are 32 professors 134, more than 1946, and 26 associate professors. Meng, Li Rumian, Li Jiannong, Han Depei, Zhang, Wu Baoan, Zhao Lihai, Xu Zongyue, Chen Yishu, Zeng Qixin, Yu Jiaxun, Shi Zhuo, Lin Yisheng, Fang, Ren Hua, Wu Mi, Wang Dianji, Zhou Fucheng, etc. Hu Shi, president of Peking University, came to Wuhan University to give lectures. Seeing that there are so many young professors in Wuhan University, he said to Zhou Yusheng with great emotion, "You really deserve to be the president of a university. You cherish talents very much. " Zhou Yusheng is not only good at selecting and cherishing students trained by regular schools, but also cherishing self-taught young people. As early as 1933, when he was the president of Wu Da University, when he gave a speech on examination and education in the whole school, he made a profound exposition on self-study, calling on teachers and students to get rid of secular prejudice and attach importance to self-taught young people. Mr. Li, a famous jurist in China, also described in detail how Mr. Zhou Yusheng led him on the road of self-study in A Broom.
Zhou Yusheng not only loves and cherishes talents, but also attaches great importance to respecting talents. During his tenure as president of Wu Da University, the activities of Wu Da University to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Professor Zhang Jingcheng's teaching and to mourn the late former president Liu Shuqi were held in 1935. Traditionally, whenever these activities are held, all the teachers and students in the school have money to pay for them, and each of them buys some things like ginseng and tremella supplements to show respect for teachers and friends. Zhou Yusheng believes that this tribute will not last long. In order to make Mr. Zhi's moral career prosperous for a long time, he and Wang Xinggong proposed to set up a memorial bonus, which is not only conducive to the prosperity of Mr. Zhi's moral career, but also conducive to encouraging scholars to follow his ambition. Compared with the Deer Cave Monument, it is more meaningful for the Goose Lake to hold the stone.