The opening and application of distance education project has brought unprecedented changes to classroom teaching in rural primary schools. Making full use of modern information technology is the requirement of teaching development. How to give full play to the advantages of distance education resources, optimize primary school mathematics teaching and improve the quality and efficiency of mathematics teaching is a problem that every teacher must face and seriously think about. This paper discusses the optimization of mathematics teaching in rural primary schools by using distance education resources from four aspects: ① optimizing the "concept" teaching of mathematics in primary schools by using distance education resources; Secondly, using distance education resources to optimize the "calculation" teaching of primary school mathematics; ③ Using distance education resources to optimize the "graphics" teaching of primary school mathematics; ④ Using distance education resources to optimize the teaching of "applied problems" in primary school mathematics. (remaining 3 186 words)