Sensory education plays an important role in Montessori's educational system and has become the main part of her educational experiment. In her works, a lot of space is devoted to the relationship and close connection between sensory education and training, sports training and intellectual development, sensory education and subject education, and knowledge and skill training.
She believes that the main purpose of sensory education is to make children's sensitivity more agile, accurate and refined by training their attention, comparison, observation and judgment. According to Montessori, preschool children are particularly sensitive to all kinds of feelings, and they are in a sensitive period of all kinds of feelings. If they don't have enough sensory activities during this period, they will not only be unable to make up for it when they grow up, but also make the whole spirit worse.
Exhibition is damaged, so it is very important to carry out various sensory education in early childhood. At the same time, she believes that the senses are the windows of the soul, and the senses are of primary importance to the development of intelligence, and sensory training is closely related to the cultivation of intelligence. Furthermore, she also believes that human intelligence has a lot to do with education. Through sensory education, we can find some sensory defects that affect intellectual development at an early stage and take timely measures to correct and improve them.
Montessori's sensory education includes the training of vision, touch, hearing, smell and taste.
Visual training is to help children improve their visual perception of measurement and identify size, height, thickness, length, shape, color and different geometric shapes; Tactile practice is to help children distinguish whether an object is smooth or rough, whether the temperature is hot or cold, and whether the object is heavy, large or thin. Hearing training is to make children accustomed to distinguish the differences of sounds, so that they can not only distinguish timbre and pitch, but also cultivate their initial aesthetic and appreciation ability. The training of smell and taste focuses on improving children's sensitivity to smell and taste. Montessori hopes that through this series of sensory training, children will become more keen observers, promote and develop their general sensory ability, and make their feelings in a more satisfactory state of preparation, so as to complete complex movements such as reading and writing, and also lay the foundation for future mathematics learning.
Montessori's sensory education follows certain principles and methods. She believes that the implementation of sensory education should follow the principle of step by step. She advocates that children should learn according to their own abilities and needs, and let them freely choose, operate independently and correct themselves through their own interests in sensory training, and strive to grasp themselves and the environment. Therefore, Montessori's teaching AIDS are equipped with special error control systems, so that children can "self-educate" according to the tips of the teaching AIDS during the operation.
Second, Montessori sensory training
1, the purpose of sensory training is to cultivate children's sensory acuity.
Whether it is a baby in the family or a child entering kindergarten, we should not only take sensory training as the primary item, but also strive for it to be more accurate and sensitive in the process, so that children's vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch can be sensitive and accurate. In this way, children's cognitive and differentiation potential can be fully developed, and then a higher level of thinking ability and behavior foundation such as analysis, synthesis and judgment can be produced.
2. Pay attention to sensory training at home.
In addition to achieving the above-mentioned "goals", parents should also focus on four aspects of sensory education for their children at home: (1) First, cultivate children's good "cognitive habits" and not be careless. (2) "Tracing back to the source" should be systematic and not chaotic. (3) Simple and clear, not complicated. (4) It is cooperation with schools, which should be "connected" and "extended". In this way, we can not only "hear clearly and see clearly", but also cultivate the ability to continuously improve our senses and observe accurately, and at the same time cultivate a coherent cognitive habit.
3. Three principles of sensory education
Although parents are not experts in preschool education, they are the first teachers to teach their children. If we can adhere to the following three principles, we can still get good results.
(1) adhere to the Montessori principle: let the child adapt freely, and you only prepare the environment for him and induce him to contact the teaching AIDS (commonly known as educational toys) designed by you. Don't be too hasty, set a timetable for your child to "teach" him, lest the child be "stared at" and hate learning, lest you "teach" him.
(2) Seek knowledge of product name (shape, color, name, use, etc.). ), and then gradually enter a precise and precise level.
(3) From listening (mother talking) to seeing (physical contact), and make full use of the five senses, and then enter the stage of "doing" with hands and feet. This way of education has the best effect.
Three stages of early sensory training in Montessori.
The purpose of three-stage learning is to help children have a better understanding of teaching and let you know how much children can master and absorb before you can implement your training.
These three stages of learning methods must be used for the introduction of all teaching AIDS and literacy education. When you want to start demonstrating any kind of teaching AIDS, you must guide your children to compare them with different objects in order to get a correct understanding. For example: big-small, big-bigger-biggest, big-slightly bigger-bigger-biggest-biggest; Small-small-minimum-slightly smaller-smaller-very small-minimum; As for length, weight, thickness, hardness and so on. It is also a gradual and accurate understanding. All levels of perception of objects, from the contact of five senses to the stimulation of the mind, should impress children.
This kind of "doing" is the basic way to make children smart and elf. Parents should have plans, patience and perseverance. It's easier said than done, but it's more important to know that the younger a child is, the harder it is to concentrate, so the more attention should be paid to methods to get results. However, don't be too hasty and make your child feel bored. What I said above is sensory education. From the direct cognition of the nature of objects to the indirect cultivation of "quantity" and "comparative observation", it takes efforts from one to four years old.
As for sensory cognition, the order and specific practices of the three stages of learning are carried out in the following order:
The first stage: the understanding of ontology-its purpose is to establish the relationship between object and name (first by object-name). For example, a set of candy boxes that can be packed together at home is a good teaching material. Parents picked up the whole box with both hands and said to their children, "This is a red round candy box." Repeat until you think your child understands the combination of "object" and "name".
The second stage: the understanding of contrast (from name to object). In order to know the effect of the previous stage, the mother said to the child, "Please bring me that red candy box." While expecting the children to bring it to you correctly (of course, you must have more than two boxes of different colors).
The third stage: discrimination between analogues (confirmation and discrimination of things)-when children have learned about the red candy box and remembered the name, they refer to various analogues and ask children, "What is this called?" He should answer the correct name "this is called ×××". If you can't answer, help him repeat it until the meeting (this is also training language development). These principles or processes are simple to say but not easy to do. First, from the standpoint of children, it is extremely fresh but quite difficult, because the little mind may not be deeply impressed by the red box and candy. Therefore, parents should have 100% patience and do it with great care. In addition, when planning your own "parenting", you must pay attention to the child's age and his mental development. You should think carefully according to the sensitive situation of sensory development at the age level and the actual situation of your child. Don't worry! At the same time, remember that every step at present is related to the next step; Therefore, it must be carried out in a forward mode.