The exothermic reaction between combustible and oxidant is usually accompanied by flame, luminescence and/or smoke, which is called combustion.

(1) combustion conditions

1, a necessary condition for combustion

(1) flammable. Any substance that can react with oxygen or other oxidants in the air is called combustible substance.

(2) oxidant. Substances that can help and support the combustion of combustible substances, that is, substances that can undergo oxidation reactions with combustible substances, are called oxidants.

(3) Temperature (ignition source). Ignition source refers to the energy source that supplies combustible substances to react with oxygen or combustion improver.

(4) Chain reaction. There is a chain reaction in flaming combustion.

2. Sufficient conditions for combustion

(1) A certain combustible concentration.

(2) A certain oxygen content.

(3) A certain ignition energy.

(4) Unrestricted chain reaction.

(B) the definition of fire

Fire refers to the disaster caused by burning out of control in time and space. (GB5907-86)

(3) Classification of fire

Fires are classified into four categories: A, B, C and D (GB4968-85).

1 class. Fire: refers to the fire of solid matter. This kind of substance often has the nature of organic matter, and it can generally produce glowing embers when burning. Such as wood, cotton, wool, hemp, paper fire, etc.

2. Class B fire: refers to liquid fire and meltable solid fire. Such as gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin, etc.

3. Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen fire, etc.

4. Class D fire: refers to metal fire. Refers to potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, lithium, aluminum-magnesium alloy fire, etc.

II. Types, Extinguishing Scope and Usage of Fire Extinguishers

(a) Type and scope of fire extinguishers

There are many types of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into: portable and cart-type; According to the power source of driving fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into: gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type; According to the filling fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into: foam, dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water and so on.

At present, the commonly used fire extinguishers include various specifications of foam extinguisher, various specifications of dry powder fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers and halon (12 1 1) fire extinguishers. Generally speaking, foam extinguisher can put out Class A and Class B fires. Foam extinguisher can also be used to put out the fire when the electrical appliance is on fire and the power supply is cut off. Dry powder fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used to extinguish Class B and Class C fires. Flammable metal fires can be put out with D-class dry powder fire extinguishing agent, and halon (12 1 1) fire extinguishers are mainly used to put out fires of flammable liquids, live electrical equipment, precision instruments and computer rooms. The extinguishing agent contained in the fire extinguisher is non-corrosive, leaving no trace after extinguishing, and the effect is good.

Generally, the spraying extinguishing time of portable fire extinguishers with chemicals is less than one minute, and the actual effective extinguishing time is only 10 to 20 seconds. In the actual use process, we must correctly master the use method, otherwise it will not only fail to put out the fire, but also delay the fire extinguishing time.

It must be pointed out that the timely use of fire extinguishers after a fire is a powerful measure to prevent the fire from spreading, expanding and causing greater losses. At the same time, once a fire alarm is found, it should be reported to the fire department immediately. Never expect a fire extinguisher to put out a fire without giving an alarm to the fire brigade, because the fire extinguisher's fighting area and ability are limited, and it can only adapt to the initial fire fighting. After the fire broke out, it generally spread quickly, delaying the alarm time and firefighters, which is bound to cause greater losses.

(b) Use of fire extinguishers (with emphasis on dry powder fire extinguishers)

Dry powder fire extinguisher is equipped with dry powder extinguishing agent. Dry powder fire extinguishing agent is a kind of dry and easy-flowing fine powder used for fire extinguishing, which is composed of inorganic salts and a small amount of additives. It is dried, crushed and mixed into fine solid powder. It is a kind of fire extinguishing agent widely used in fire fighting, mainly used for fire extinguishers. In addition to the special dry powder chemical fire extinguishing agent for fighting metal fires, dry powder fire extinguishing agents are generally divided into Bc dry powder fire extinguishing agent and ABC dry powder fire extinguishing agent. Dry powder extinguishing agent mainly extinguishes the fire through the physical and chemical action when the powder mist sprayed by pressurized gas contacts and mixes with the flame. In addition, it also has the function of partially diluting oxygen and cooling.

When putting out a fire, you can quickly walk to the fire with a fire extinguisher in your hand or a fire extinguisher on your shoulder, and put down the fire extinguisher about 5 meters away from the burning place. If you are outdoors, you should choose to spray against the wind. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is of external pressure storage type, the operator should hold the spray gun tightly with one hand and lift the opening bail on the gas cylinder with the other hand. If the cylinder is opened by handwheel, loosen it counterclockwise, turn it to the highest position, and then lift the fire extinguisher. When the dry powder is ejected, it is quickly aimed at the root of the flame. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is built-in gas cylinder or pressure storage type, the operator should first unplug the safety pin on the opening handle, then hold the nozzle at the front end of the spray hose, and press the opening handle with the other hand to open the fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When using a fire extinguisher with a spray hose or an accumulator fire extinguisher, always hold down the handle with one hand and never let go, otherwise the spray will be interrupted.

When using dry powder fire extinguisher to put out flammable and combustible liquid fires, the quasi-flame should be directed at the main parts. If the extinguished liquid fire is flowing and burning, the root of the quasi-flame should be shot from near to far, left and right, until all the flames are extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should shake the root of quasi-flame left and right to make the sprayed dry powder flow cover the whole opening surface of the container; When the flame is driven out of the container, the user should continue to spray until the flame is completely extinguished. When extinguishing the flammable liquid fire in the container, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the nozzle is not directly aimed at the liquid level to prevent the impact of the jet from splashing flammable liquid, which will expand the fire and bring difficulties to the fire extinguishing. If the flammable liquid burns in a metal container for a long time, the wall temperature of the container is higher than the self-ignition point of the flammable liquid, and it is easy to re-ignite after fire extinguishing. If we cooperate with foam extinguisher, the fire fighting effect will be better.

When using ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher to put out solid combustible fire, it should be sprayed in the place where quasi-combustion is the fiercest, up and down, left and right. If conditions permit, the user can spray the fire extinguisher along the periphery of the combustion object, so that the dry powder extinguishing agent can be evenly sprayed on the surface of the combustion object until the flame is completely extinguished.

8? 3. The method and content of fire alarm

8? 9? 8? According to Article 32 of the Fire Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), "Anyone who finds a fire shall call the police immediately. Any unit or individual shall provide convenience for the alarm free of charge and shall not block the alarm. It is strictly forbidden to lie about the fire alarm. " Article 47 Paragraph 1, Item 3 stipulates that "failure to report a fire alarm or false report of a fire alarm" shall be punished with a warning, a fine or detention of not more than 10 days.

8? 9? 8? 9 (a) Method of reporting fire.

8? 9? 8? 9 1, reported to the fire brigade; 2. Call "1 19" to call the police fire brigade; 3. Use wired broadcast alarm; 4. Call the police loudly.

8? 9? 8? 9 (2) Contents of fire alarm report

8? 9? 8? 9 In case of fire, call "1 19" to call the fire brigade, but the following contents must be made clear.

8? 9? 8? 9 1, the detailed address of the fire unit or individual. Including street name, house number, and where it is close; Are there any obvious buildings or units around? When a fire breaks out in rural areas, the name of the township (town) and village shall be stated; Large enterprises should explain the branch factory, workshop or part; High-rise buildings should indicate which floor, etc.

8? 9? 8? 92. What is on fire? Such as houses, shops, oil depots and open-air freight yards. ; In particular, it is necessary to find out what fire is, such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, chemical reagents, cotton and so on. , so that the fire department can dispatch corresponding fire-fighting vehicles according to the situation.

8? 9? 8? 93. Fire situation. If you see smoke, fire, fierce fire, how many houses are on fire, etc.

8? 9? 8? 94. Name and telephone number of the caller. So that the fire department can contact the telephone number to know the fire in time and mobilize the fire fighting force. For example, a large residential new village should send someone to the intersection to meet the fire truck.

8? 9? 8? Iv. 9 Fire Legal Responsibility

8? 9? 8? 9 (1) People's Republic of China (PRC) Fire Protection Law

8? 9? 8? Article 5? 8? All units and individuals have the obligation to maintain fire safety, protect fire control facilities, prevent fires and report fire accidents, and all units and adult citizens have the obligation to participate in organized fire fighting.

8? 9? 8? 9 Article 10? 8? For construction projects that need fire protection design according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, the design unit shall design them according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, and the construction unit shall report the fire protection design drawings and related materials of the construction projects to the public security fire control institutions for review; Unaudited or unqualified, the construction administrative department shall not issue a construction permit, and the construction unit shall not carry out construction.

8? 9? 8? 9. If the fire protection design of the construction project audited by the public security fire control institution needs to be changed, it shall be reported to the original public security fire control institution for approval; Without approval, no unit or individual may change.

8? 9? 8? 9. After the completion of the construction project with fire protection design according to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, it must be accepted by the public security fire control institutions; Without acceptance or unqualified acceptance, it shall not be put into use.

8? 9? 8? 9 Article 11? 8? The fire performance of building components and building materials must meet the national standards or industry standards.

8? 9? 8? According to the national technical standards for fire protection of engineering buildings, non-combustible and flame-retardant materials should be used in the interior decoration of public places, and materials that have passed the inspection by inspection institutions determined in accordance with the provisions of the Product Quality Law must be selected.

8? 9? 8? Article 12? 8? Song and dance halls, theaters, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, bazaars and other public gathering places shall be reported to the local public security fire control institutions before use or opening, and can only be used or opened after passing the fire safety inspection.

8? 9? 8? Article 14 8? 9. Organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions shall perform the following fire safety duties:

8? 9? 8? 9 (a) to develop fire safety system, fire safety operation procedures;

8? 9? 8? 9 (two) the implementation of fire safety responsibility system, determine the fire safety responsibility of the unit and its subordinate departments and posts.

8? 9? 8? (three) according to the characteristics of the unit to carry out fire prevention publicity and education for employees;

8? 9? 8? 9 (four) organize fire inspection, eliminate fire hazards in time;

8? 9? 8? (five) in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, the allocation of fire control facilities and equipment, set up fire safety signs, and organize regular inspection and maintenance to ensure that fire control facilities and equipment are in good condition and effective;

8? 9? 8? (six) to ensure the smooth evacuation routes and exits, and set up fire safety evacuation signs in line with state regulations.

8? 9? 8? Residential area management units shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the preceding paragraph, perform fire safety duties and do a good job in fire safety in residential areas.

8? 9? 8? Article 16 8? The fire department of the public security organ of the local people's government at or above the county level shall determine the units that may cause heavy casualties or property losses in case of fire as the key units of fire safety within their respective administrative areas and report them to the people's government at the same level for the record.

8? 9? 8? Key units of fire control safety shall perform the following fire control safety duties in addition to the duties specified in Article 14 of this Law:

8? 9? 8? 9 (a) the establishment of fire archives, determine the key parts of fire safety, set fire signs, strict management;

8? 9? 8? 9 (two) the implementation of daily fire inspection, and establish inspection records;

8? 9? 8? (3) training employees on fire safety;

8? 9? 8? (4) Formulate fire fighting and emergency evacuation plans, and organize regular fire drills.

8? 9? 8? Article 20? 8? The quality of electrical products and gas appliances must meet the national standards or industry standards. The installation and use of electrical products and gas appliances, and the design and laying of lines and pipelines must conform to the technical regulations of the state on fire safety.

8? 9? 8? Article 21? 8? No unit or individual may damage or misappropriate, dismantle or stop fire control facilities and equipment, bury or occupy fire hydrants, occupy fire prevention spaces or block fire exits.

8? 9? 8? Public utilities, urban construction and other units to build roads, cut off power, water and communication lines, which may affect the fire brigade, must notify the local public security fire control institutions in advance.

8? 9? 8? Article 32 Anyone who discovers a fire shall call the police immediately. Any unit or individual shall provide convenience for the alarm free of charge and shall not block the alarm. It is forbidden to lie about the fire alarm.

When a fire breaks out in a public place, the on-site staff in the public place have the obligation to organize and guide the evacuation of the people present.

8? 9? 8? Units that have a fire must immediately organize forces to put out the fire. Peripheral units should give support.

8? 9? 8? Article 40 Whoever violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop construction, stop using or stop production and business, and may also be fined:

8? 9? 8? 9 (a) the fire protection design of a building project has not been audited by the public security fire control institution or is unqualified, and the construction is carried out without authorization;

8? 9? 8? (two) the construction project that should be designed according to law is used without fire control acceptance or unqualified completion acceptance;

8? 9? 8? (three) the use or opening of public gathering places without fire safety inspection or unqualified inspection.

8? 9? 8? If a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be warned or fined.

8? 9? 8? Article 42 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, lowers the technical standards for fire control without authorization, uses building components and building materials whose fire prevention performance does not meet the national standards or industry standards, or uses unqualified decoration materials, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop construction and may be fined.

If a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be warned or fined.

8? 9? 8? Forty-third organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions that violate the provisions of this law and fail to perform their fire safety duties shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If no correction is made within the time limit, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions or warnings according to law.

8? 9? 8? 9. If the business premises have one of the following acts, it shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop production and business, and may be fined, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined:

8? 9? 8? 9 (a) the fire hazard is not eliminated in time;

8? 9? 8? (two) failing to allocate fire control facilities and equipment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state;

8? 9? 8? (3) Failing to ensure smooth evacuation passages and exits.

8? 9? 8? In violation of the provisions of this law, state organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions that set up dormitories for employees in buildings with workshops and warehouses shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 43; If no correction is made within the time limit, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions or warnings according to law.

Business premises in one of the following acts, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop production and business, and may be fined, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be fined:

(a) the fire hazard is not eliminated in time;

(two) not in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, the allocation of fire control facilities and equipment;

(three) can not guarantee the smooth evacuation routes and exits.

Those who set up staff dormitories in buildings with workshops and warehouses shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph.

Forty-fifth electrical products, gas appliances installation or wiring, pipeline laying does not meet the technical requirements of fire safety, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If no correction is made within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop using it.

Article 49 When a fire breaks out in a public place, the on-site staff of the public place fails to perform the obligation of organizing and guiding the evacuation of the people present, causing personal injury or death, which does not constitute a crime, and shall be detained for not more than 15 days.

Article 50 Whoever intentionally destroys or forges the scene after the fire is put out, conceals the cause of the fire, and shirks responsibility, which does not constitute a crime, shall be given a warning, fined or detained for not more than 15 days.

If a unit commits the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it shall be given a warning or fined, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

(2) Fire Protection Regulations of Hainan Province

Fifth people's governments at all levels should regularly carry out fire prevention publicity and education to improve citizens' awareness of fire prevention; Units and individuals that have made outstanding contributions in fire control work shall be commended and rewarded.

It is the responsibility and obligation of units and citizens to care for and maintain public fire safety, protect fire control facilities and prevent fires.

The sixth annual 1 1.9 is the fire-saving day.

Fifteenth organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions shall perform the duties of fire control safety stipulated by laws, regulations and rules. The legal representative or principal responsible person of the unit shall be fully responsible for the fire safety work of the unit.

Seventeenth the following personnel should participate in fire training:

(a) personnel engaged in fire management and automatic fire control system operation in key units of fire safety;

(two) personnel engaged in the production, sale and maintenance of fire fighting equipment;

(three) personnel engaged in fire engineering design, installation, maintenance, testing and supervision;

(four) personnel engaged in the production, storage, transportation and sale of inflammable and explosive dangerous goods and personnel working in other positions with fire hazards.

Article 20 Where there is fire danger in public gathering places such as song and dance halls, theaters, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls and bazaars before they are used or opened, or before holding large-scale mass activities, they shall report to public security fire control institutions according to law, and can only be used, opened and held after passing the fire safety inspection.

Twenty-third business premises should strengthen fire prevention, in accordance with national and provincial regulations on fire safety, the allocation of fire facilities and equipment, timely eliminate fire hazards, to ensure smooth evacuation routes and safety exits.

The meeting places or other business activities places of organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions shall abide by the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Twenty-fourth no unit or individual may damage, misappropriate, dismantle or stop using fire control facilities and equipment; Do not occupy the fire spacing, do not block the fire escape, do not bury or occupy the water source of fire control facilities; If it is really necessary to move or dismantle the fire control facilities, it shall report to the public security fire control institutions and bear the relevant expenses.

Thirty-first anyone who finds a fire has the obligation to call the police quickly, and units and adult citizens near the fire and the fire have the obligation to participate in the fire fighting.

Fortieth in violation of the provisions of this Ordinance, one of the following acts, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop construction, stop using or suspend production or business, and may be fined 2% to 5% of the project budget; Give a warning to the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel of the unit and impose a fine of 65,438 yuan+0,000 yuan:

(a) the fire protection design scheme of the project has not been audited by the public security fire control institution or is unqualified, and the construction is carried out without authorization;

(two) unauthorized changes have been approved by the public security fire control institutions of engineering fire protection design for construction;

(three) when the project that should be designed according to law is completed, it is used without fire control acceptance or unqualified acceptance;

(4) Laying and using oil and gas pipelines without inspection and acceptance;

(five) to lower the technical standards for fire protection without authorization, and to use building components and building materials whose fire protection performance does not meet the national standards or industry standards, as well as unqualified decoration materials.

Forty-first public gathering places or other places with business activities, one of the following acts, shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If it fails to make corrections within the time limit, it shall be ordered to stop using, holding or stopping production and business, and may be fined between 654.38 million yuan and 654.38 million yuan; And give a warning to the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel of the unit, and impose a fine of more than 3000 yuan 1000 yuan:

(a) unauthorized use or business without fire safety inspection or unqualified inspection;

(two) in violation of regulations, without authorization to hold large-scale mass activities with fire danger;

(three) the fire hazard has not been eliminated in time;

(four) failing to configure fire control facilities and equipment according to the provisions;

(five) failing to carry out inspection and maintenance according to the regulations to ensure that the fire control facilities and equipment are in good condition and effective;

(six) can not guarantee the smooth evacuation routes and exits.

Those who set up staff dormitories in buildings with workshops and warehouses shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.