Through the systematic study of modern educational theory, we can find that the view of students from the perspective of modern educational theory has the following basic characteristics.
First, every student is an individual with unique advantages in the field of development.
According to the traditional educational theory, young students have great differences in the field of intelligence, and only those students with certain talents in the field of cognition can complete advanced learning tasks and become social elites. Therefore, it is emphasized that the function of basic education institutions is that teachers select excellent students according to certain standards and cultivate them into elites in society, while students with poor cognitive ability are seriously ignored, thinking that they do not need to receive advanced education anyway. Modern educational theory holds that the diversification of economic and social life will inevitably lead to the diversification of talent requirements. The practice of education and teaching reform at home and abroad has fully proved that there are differences in the talents of young students in the field of intelligence, but this difference is definitely not an obstacle for young students to receive formal basic education. Every young student has his own unique advantages and development fields. As long as educators provide them with a good educational environment and education and teaching suitable for their characteristics, they will learn the prescribed knowledge and skills, make continuous progress on the basis of their original cognition, and become diversified talents needed by society. As Bloom, the founder of American Mastery Learning Theory, pointed out: "Anyone in the world can learn. If appropriate learning conditions are provided earlier and now, almost everyone can learn well. " [1] Howard, founder of multiple intelligence theory? Gardner also believes that every young student is an individual with great intellectual development potential. "As long as the brain is not injured, if there is an opportunity to contact the environment and conditions conducive to cultivating a certain intelligence, then almost everyone can achieve very remarkable results in the development of that intelligence." [2]
Therefore, teachers of basic education institutions in China should abandon the traditional view of students as soon as possible, and truly regard young students as individuals with unique development advantages and unlimited development potential, and should not discriminate against any students with intellectual development obstacles. They should care about the growth of every young student with confidence, create a good educational environment for them, provide them with personalized courses and teaching suitable for their characteristics, and guide them to make new achievements on the basis of their original knowledge and experience and become diversified talents needed by society.
Second, every student is a subjective person.
Traditional educational theory holds that young students are the objects of education, and their physical and mental development is still in an immature stage. The key to cultivating them into talents needed by society is to give full play to the leading role of teachers, but how to give full play to the main role of students is rarely mentioned. Modern educational theory holds that young students are not only the object of education, but also the subject of education. In the view of modern educational theorists, educational activities are active cognitive activities of young students under the guidance of teachers. Young students do not accept teachers' knowledge mechanically and passively. They must give full play to their subjective spirit, mobilize all organs to participate in the process of knowledge generation and development, and finally acquire more systematic knowledge and skills to continuously enhance their comprehensive quality. Therefore, while continuing to attach importance to the role of teachers, modern educational theory emphasizes that students are the main body and gives full play to students' subjectivity, which is regarded as the key to the success or failure of education and teaching. Aldero, a famous American educational scholar, also believes that "all real learning is active, not passive." It needs brains, not just memories. This is a discovery process driven by students rather than teachers. " [3] Therefore, teachers of educational institutions at all levels in China should establish the educational concept that students are the subject of learning as soon as possible, create various conditions, give full play to the subjective spirit of young students as much as possible, give students more freedom and choices in their study, and guide them to actively participate in the process of knowledge generation and development, so that they can continuously improve their comprehensive quality in the process of activities and exchanges.
Third, every student is a person who develops and changes.
Young students have their own way of knowing the world and their own inner world. Compared with normal adults, young students have shortcomings or defects in many aspects, but as time goes on, their shortcomings or defects are gradually decreasing. Indeed, young students are in a state of rapid physical and mental development. They have many defects or problems in knowledge, skills and abilities, but as long as they are not seriously ill, they have great development potential. If we create a good educational environment for them, coupled with our own efforts, they will certainly become the builders and defenders needed by the country. As the head of UNESCO emphasized: "Modern science points out that human beings do not end physically, which makes a unique contribution to our understanding of human beings. We can say that man will never be an adult, and his survival is an endless process of improvement and learning. " [4] Fan Meinan, a famous American educational scholar, also thinks: "Looking after a child is actually looking at the possibility, a growing person." [5] The traditional educational theory always regards students as adults who will never grow up, and always likes to ask students with the eyes and standards of adults, which leads to the tension between teachers and students and the poor educational effect.
Therefore, educators in our country should change their educational concepts as soon as possible, and should not arbitrarily impose their own views and requirements on students, and should not continue to treat young students with fixed eyes and adult standards. They should never fail because they can't do it now, and they should never correct their past shortcomings. We should treat them with a developmental perspective, fully believe in their learning potential, give them sufficient time and moderate freedom, guide them to succeed on the original basis, and urge them to actively participate in new learning.
Fourth, every young student is a concrete person.
Educators have been dealing with young students all their lives, and it is difficult to meet students with the same voice, face and smile, let alone students with the same personality. Every student's family environment, genetic quality and living environment are different, and their attitudes towards life and study are also different, which greatly affects and determines their present and future development direction. As the head of UNESCO pointed out: "As the main body of education, people are universal to a great extent-the same at any time and anywhere. However, the special individual who is the object of the special education process is obviously a specific person. " "Every learner is really a very specific person. He has his own history and can't be confused with other people's history. He has his own personality, which is more and more determined by a complex composed of many factors with the growth of age. This complex is composed of biological, physiological, geographical, social, economic, cultural, professional and other factors, and these aspects are different for everyone. How can we not consider this when deciding the ultimate goal, content and method of education? Individuals who enter the education process are children with cultural heritage. He has special psychological characteristics, and his heart is also influenced by the family environment and the surrounding economic situation. " [4]
Therefore, in order to accomplish the task of cultivating high-quality talents with individuality stipulated by the state, educators in China should treat every young student as a concrete person, go deep into the students, learn more about the specific situation of each student's study, life and family, grasp all kinds of problems or puzzles they encounter in their study and life in time, and make personalized development plans for them on this basis. As far as possible, make the school curriculum and teaching meet the needs of every student's physical and mental development, and truly teach students in accordance with their aptitude, so that every student can make progress and gain something in school and become a diversified talent needed by the country.
5. Every student is a complete person.
Through education, we should cultivate qualified talents for the society. They should have good knowledge and skills as well as the ability to solve practical problems. People who have a good sense of social responsibility and social morality and develop harmoniously in body and mind, that is, people with all-round development-perfect people. Only in this way can they better adapt to social progress and changes. In the real society, education caters to the requirements of economic and social changes too much, which leads to students' split personality and one-sided physical and mental development. As the head of UNESCO pointed out: "The current way of educating young people, the training for young people, and the large amount of information people receive-all contribute to the split of personality. For the purpose of training, a person's rational knowledge has been fragmented, while other aspects are either forgotten or ignored; Either it is reduced to an embryonic state, or it develops in anarchy; In order to meet the needs of scientific research and specialization, the full and comprehensive training that many young people should have had is incomplete. Training for a fine or inefficient job overestimates the importance of improving technical ability, at the expense of other human qualities. " [4]
Therefore, in order to promote the sustained, healthy and rapid development of education in China, educators in China should treat every student as a whole, take promoting the harmonious development of students' body and mind and cultivating harmonious talents for the society as the starting point of education in China, completely eliminate the bondage and influence of intellectualism, create a beautiful and relaxed educational environment full of humanistic care, give students more freedom and choices in learning, and let them actively participate in various social practice activities and learn in activities and exchanges. Promote their all-round development in moral education, intellectual education, physical education and aesthetic education, and become talents with good social responsibility and social morality, good knowledge and high ability.
refer to
[1] flexion. A collection of pedagogy? Teaching (middle). Beijing: People's Education Press, 1988.
[2][ America] howard gardner. Multiple intelligences. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2004.
[3] National Education Development Research Center. Trends and trends of educational reform in developed countries (5). Beijing: People's Education Press, 1994.
[4] UNESCO Committee on International Education Development. Learn to survive-educate the world today and tomorrow. Beijing: Education Science Press, 1996.
Wang Ping. People in the field of educational phenomenology. Educational Theory and Practice, 20 10 (3).
(Editor Fu Yijing)