1, the principle of unity between education and science: it means that teaching should be guided by Marxism, give students scientific knowledge, and combine knowledge teaching to educate students on socialist morality, correct outlook on life and scientific world outlook. Its essence is to organically combine teaching and educating people in teaching activities.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: to ensure the scientific nature of teaching; Ideological and moral education should be combined with the characteristics of teaching content; Ideological and moral education should run through all aspects of teaching activities; Teachers should constantly improve their professional ability and ideological level.

2. The principle of integrating theory with practice: In teaching, teachers should make students understand and master knowledge from the combination of theory and practice, guide students to solve various practical problems with newly learned knowledge, and cultivate students' ability to analyze and solve problems. This principle is the embodiment of the teaching law of the unity of direct experience and indirect experience in teaching.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: attaching importance to the teaching of book knowledge and connecting with practice in the process of teaching knowledge; Attach importance to guiding and cultivating students' ability to use knowledge; Strengthen the practice of teaching, gradually cultivate and form students' comprehensive ability to use knowledge, and carry out "the third learning"; Correctly handle the relationship between knowledge teaching and ability training; Supplement the necessary local teaching materials.

3. Intuition principle means that in teaching activities, teachers should try their best to make use of students' multiple senses and existing experience, so that students can obtain vivid representations through various forms of perception, so as to master knowledge comprehensively and profoundly. This principle is put forward according to the teaching law of the unity of human cognition, direct experience and indirect experience, and is also determined by the age characteristics of primary and secondary school students.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: correctly selecting intuitive teaching AIDS and teaching means; Combine the demonstration of visual teaching AIDS with language explanation; Pay attention to the use of language intuition.

4. Enlightening principle: It means that in teaching activities, teachers should mobilize students' initiative and enthusiasm, guide students to study lively through independent thinking and active exploration, consciously master scientific knowledge, and improve their ability to analyze and solve problems. This principle is put forward on the basis of absorbing Chinese and foreign educational heritage, which embodies the law of the unity of teachers' leading role and students' main role in teaching, and is also determined by the educational purpose of our country.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: strengthening the purposeful education of learning and mobilizing students' initiative; Set up problem situations to inspire students to think independently and cultivate students' good thinking methods and abilities; Let students practice, cultivate the ability to solve problems independently, and encourage students to creatively apply what they have learned to practice; Carry forward teaching democracy and establish an equal relationship between teachers and students.

5. The principle of gradual progress means that teachers should teach in strict accordance with the inherent logic of scientific knowledge and the law of students' cognitive development, so that students can master systematic scientific and cultural knowledge and their abilities can be fully developed.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: teachers' teaching should be systematic; Grasp the main contradiction and solve the key and difficult points; Teachers should guide students to systematize knowledge; According to the order of students' cognition, from easy to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex.

6. The principle of solidity means that teachers should guide students to master basic knowledge and skills firmly on the basis of understanding, and present them accurately when necessary, so as to facilitate the application of knowledge and skills.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: strengthening the consolidation of knowledge in the whole teaching process; Organize students' review work and teach students the methods of memory; Consolidate knowledge by expanding, reorganizing and applying knowledge.

7. The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude means that in teaching, teachers should proceed from the unified requirements of curriculum plans and subject curriculum standards, face all students, and at the same time conduct targeted differentiated teaching according to the individual differences of students, so that each student can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses and obtain the best development. This principle is not only determined by the objective law of students' physical and mental development, but also restricted by the educational purpose of our country.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: adhering to the unified requirements of curriculum plan and subject curriculum standards; Teachers should understand students and teach from reality; Teachers should be good at discovering each student's interests and hobbies, and create conditions for each student's different specialties to be brought into play as much as possible.

8. The principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" means that the content, method, weight and progress of teaching should be suitable for students' physical and mental development and acceptable to students. However, it is difficult for them to master it through hard work to promote students' physical and mental development. This principle is put forward to prevent the teaching difficulty from being lower than or higher than the actual level of students.

The requirements for implementing this principle are: understanding the development level of students and teaching from reality; Considering the characteristics of students' cognitive development.