Feng is one of the earliest female college students and female marriage writers in the modern history of China. She has been tied up since she was a child. Later, she and her two brothers, philosopher Feng Youlan, geologist Feng Jinglan and classical writer Lu Kanru, became famous professors and scholars in China academic circles. From an older woman to a writer of love and marriage, and then to a university professor, she embarked on a down-to-earth and enterprising life path.
Draw up a statement to expel the headmaster.
Feng, formerly known as Gong Lan, pen name Gan, Yi 'an native, 1900, was born in a wealthy scholarly family in tanghe county, Nanyang City, Henan Province. Her father Feng Taiyi, whose real name is Shu Hou, was a scholar in 1898. As a family member, he was assigned to the shogunate of Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang. Presided over the school affairs of Wuchang dialect school, 1908 died in Chongyang County, Hubei Province. After that, mother Wu Qingzhi returned to Tanghe with her children.
The Feng family is a traditional big family. Feng Yuwen, Feng's grandfather, owned 1500 mu of land when he was in charge of the family business, and there were often twenty or thirty people at home to eat. According to Feng Youlan's memory, "According to the rules of this big family, boys start school at the age of seven and ask a gentleman to tutor these children. After the age of 7, girls also go to school with boys. /kloc-After 0/0 years old, she stopped going to school. "
19 15, eldest brother Feng Youlan was admitted to Peking University. 19 16, my second brother Feng Jinglan was admitted to Peking University. Although Feng Youlan is a philosophy major, he likes to listen to the lectures of linguist Professor Huang Kan and write some ancient poems for Huang Kan to approve. Later, he said, "My extracurricular study has played a role in my family, that is, I passed on my little knowledge to my sister Yuan Jun and guided her to the road of literature."
Feng has been pestered by his mother since he was a child. Before her father died, a marriage was arranged for her. Her fiance is a rich young man in Fangzhuang, tanghe county. But she is stubborn and determined to go out to study like a big brother. 19 17, when she learned that Beijing Women's Normal School had been upgraded to the National Beijing Women's Normal School and added a Chinese major, she asked her mother to go to Beijing to study: "If I spend money, I will have nothing in the future." This means that you can get married without dowry in the future.
According to the traditional custom, Feng has to go out to school and inform his family, which is bound to cause some trouble. Mother firmly decided that all the responsibilities should be borne by herself. Therefore, Feng did not hesitate to pack her bags and left her hometown with her two brothers, becoming the first female college student in the history of public education in China. Her classmate said, "I first met Feng in the late autumn of my school year. According to our class, we are having lunch in the restaurant. As soon as I sat down, I suddenly saw a classmate, led by Superintendent Yang Yinyu. She wore a pair of blue trousers with a red wool tied at the end of her braid, dragged it to her heel and a three-inch golden lotus, and then slowly walked to our table. Yang Xuejian said, "Her name is Feng Shulan. She came from Henan, and I was on duty ten days late. I nodded to her. She smiled and nodded to me. After dinner, she looked at the restaurant rules hanging on the wall. '
At that time, the president of Women's Normal University was a former Qing official, and the president came back from studying in Yang Yinyu. They made all the rules and regulations of the school. For example, students must live on campus; On weekends, parents must pick it up; All the students are dressed in grass-green clothes and uniforms, high buns, white socks and black shoes; The criminal was recorded and dismissed three times.
After the May 4th Movement broke out, Feng followed his classmates to knock on the back door of the school and demonstrated with students from other schools in Beijing. Encouraged by Chen Zhongfan, Minister of Culture and Photography of China, Feng also drafted a statement to recall Fangfang, the principal, and listed ten major crimes of Fangfang, which eventually led to Fangfang's resignation.
Write a novel about love experience.
For Feng and her classmates, it caused a more direct mental shock than the May 4th Movement.
Feng and his classmates, their parents died long ago. Because there was no man in the family, his father recognized his brother's son Li as the heir according to custom before his death. Li Chao is diligent and studious. 19 18, she was admitted to the Chinese Department of a women's normal university as an auditor. After a semester, she became a full-time student. Li's brother, the heir, refused to pay the tuition because he didn't listen to his elders. Li Chao died of illness on August 9, 20091KLOC-0. 165438+1On the afternoon of October 30th, Beijing academic circles held a grand memorial service for Li Chao at Women's Normal University, attended by 1000 male and female guests. Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu, Jiang Menglin, Li Dazhao, Liang Shuming and other celebrities. They delivered speeches one after another, saying that "the audience was moved and sad, lamenting the cruelty of the old family and sympathizing with the struggling young women." Cheng Junying once wrote an article recalling the scene at that time. "Li Chao's death and memorial service greatly stimulated my class and aroused the anger of anti-feudal marriage. Feng took the lead in divorcing his fiance in Henan, and other students responded.
From 65438 to 0922, Feng graduated from Women's Normal University and was admitted to the Graduate School of Chinese Studies of Peking University Research Institute, becoming the only female graduate student of Peking University at that time. Starting from 1924, she published short stories "Loneliness", "Travel" and "Mother" in the quarterly magazine "Creation" and "Creation Weekly" sponsored by Shanghai Creation Society, expressing the free love between male and female college students with very bold brushstrokes.
The heroine Juan Hua describes loneliness in the first person. Silk flower went abroad to study and fell in love with a lover whose spirit is absolutely harmonious. The news reached Juanhua's mother. She thought this behavior was too much, so she tricked Juanhua into going home and locked him in a dark room, ready for her future son-in-law Liu to pick him up. Faced with her mother's forced marriage and house arrest, silk flower could only express her feelings by writing a letter with a pen and paper secretly sent by her cousin. In the novel, what impressed me the most was a passage written by Hua Juan to Shi Bo: "I can run out and move to the seaside with you, listening to the biting sound of the waves and watching the mysterious moonlight." Don't lose your temper if I die unfortunately. You can write down my love story in detail and publish the 600 letters I wrote to you. "
I, Feng's second novel, is an engaged female college student. For a real free love, I "missed classes for more than a week with my married lover and spent a lot of money" and took a trip and spent "10 days as sweet as a dream". The two claimed to be classmates and asked to open two rooms in the hotel to hide their eyes and ears. Even so, "I" still feel that the waiter has seen through the truth and is troubled by shyness, guilt, courage, excitement and other emotions. This complex and tangled ambivalence reached its climax on the first night of cohabitation: "When he put two quilts on two beds to urge me to rest, I don't know why I was so scared, so shy and so sad. I cry, cry, cry. On the other hand, I feel independent in the dark and empty fields. Unfortunately, he didn't have a second person to protect me, so I didn't have the courage to refuse his hug. "
Two people hug to each other and sleep in the hotel, but they always restrain their sexual impulses and never forget their academic responsibilities of learning and progress: "I always don't like him going out, whether it's shopping or visiting friends." On the one hand, I am worried that he will go crazy and give up his homework. On the other hand, I'm actually afraid of being alone. "
Feng's novels are all her own love experiences. At that time she was pursuing her own love. Her lover's name is Wang Pinqing, a writer in western Henan, and a native of Jianbei Village, Jiyuan County, Henan Province. Her grandfather and father are teachers in local private schools. As early as 19 19, before she was admitted to Peking University Science Preparatory College, she formally married her fiancee by arranged marriage. 192 1 year entered the physics department of Peking University. 1925 after graduation, Peking University worked as a middle school teacher in Conde middle school.
192610 June 12, Mr. Lu Xun, a teacher of Xiamen University, wrote in his diary: "In the morning, I received four" After Loneliness "from Ping Qing and Qin Wen." Wang Pinqing's Travels is a collection of novels "Hometown" edited by Feng, which was once published by Shanghai Creation Society.
Lu Xun finished reviewing the manuscript less than a week after receiving it. 1926 10 19 He left a record of "a letter to Feng and Juan Jia" in his diary. On the 29th, Lu Xun said in a letter to Juanjia that Wang Pingqing wanted to design the cover. "But this is Ms. Gan's novels and series." The content is four novels about love. Juanshan is a kind of grass. If you take out your heart, it won't die. However, I don't know what shape it is. '
"Study hard" has always been the first index for Feng to choose a like-minded marriage partner. The main reason why she broke up with Wang Pingqing was that Wang Ping stopped studying after graduating from Youth University. In her love letter to Bi, the heroine of Manuscript repeatedly stressed the need to "study hard". The love letter, dated 1927 65438+ 10/8, wrote: "Although I live in sadness for 300 days out of 365 days a year, I can still read. So I hope you can study with peace of mind as before. "
New water is injected into the stream of life.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/923, my eldest brother Feng Youlan graduated from Columbia University and returned home with my second brother Feng Jinglan. Feng Jinglan graduated from colorado school of mines with a master's degree and took his mother Wu Qingzhi to settle in Kaifeng, the provincial capital. My mother wrote to Feng, a graduate student in Peking University, asking her to go home to visit relatives. After Feng returned to China, with the help of his two brothers, he won his mother's sympathy, dissolved his engagement with Wang Pingqing and lifted the danger of being forced to "isolate" from Wang Pingqing. At that time, Wang Pinqing secretly returned to Kaifeng from Beijing to participate in the "free" study abroad exam sponsored by the Henan Provincial Department of Education.
However, with the passage of time, the ideal "absolute spiritual harmony" relationship between Feng and Wang Pinqing no longer exists. Almost at the same time that Wang Pinqing painstakingly published Juan Jia, Feng began to sympathize with Lu Kan-ru, a talented scholar in Jiangnan who is three years younger than her.
At that time, Feng was engaged in research work in the Department of Chinese Studies of Peking University Research Institute, while Lu Kanru was a graduate student in the suburban Tsinghua Research Institute. Apart from going to town for a date on Sunday, he and Feng mainly exchanged letters. 1927 In May, they went back to Haimen, Jiangsu to visit relatives. Lu Ganru passed by Shanghai and took a photo of their engagement. In the photo "Spring Scar", Lu Kanru wrote a poem entitled "Juanjia".
Wang Pinqing went crazy because of the excitement of lovelorn, and died soon. Shortly after the death of Feng 1928, in the short story Blank, she used her best first-person self-narrative expression to separate two love stories.
Regarding my first love, the "I" in the novel is expressed like this: "A gentleman is very talented, although he knows very little." At that time, I was very enthusiastic about myself, so I really wanted to get him and comfort his troubles in life. Unexpectedly, because of my friend for many years, he always carries my expectations; I find here that I don't agree with his interests, and I am very depressed! "
Regarding the triangle superposition of the first two romances, the novel wrote: "After you published your paper in the electronic newspaper, I-my knowledge. When you visited me in the city of snow, you said some warm and touching words in your letter. I was surprised myself. I met another miracle, new water joined the stream of my life; I am afraid, I am afraid that my future life will be more painful and will hurt you again. When I was happy and scared, someone opened your letter and a gentleman saw it. He got sick and ended up in the hospital. His initial love for me has not been completely extinguished. Flowers can't return to their old branches. I only sympathize with his situation at this time, but I don't have the enthusiasm of that year. "
Therefore, Wang Pingqing, whom Feng called "a certain gentleman", was directly induced by Lu Kanru's love letter to Feng being peeked at by Wang Pingqing. Regarding the death of Wang Pinqing, Lu Kanru wrote in his later years in "Yesterday's Mud Encountered in the Red Chamber, and a bald head was followed by a piece of Dan": "Wang suffered from insomnia due to playing cards, and his body was weak, and he gradually developed lung disease. With the suspicion of Wu's "change of heart", my heart was unhappy, so my lung disease became more and more serious. Because he is seriously ill and unable to pay for medical expenses, his condition inevitably becomes more and more dangerous. I finally died of illness in one day. " The "black sun" here is Feng's, and it is the flowers and plants that Lu Kanru intends to replace.
With the death of Wang Pinqing, he was a collaborator and agent of Feng's literary works, and was also inherited by Lu Kanru. During this period, Lu Kanru compiled 50 love letters from Feng into Letters Collection, which was published by Beixin Publishing House. He wrote in "Memories-Mourning the Fourth Anniversary of Comrade Feng's Death": "The author of" Spring Scar "told me that the postscript was 50 letters, assuming that it was written by a woman to her lover, which lasted about 5 months from the beginning of love to the end of love."
The academic career of husband and wife
"Study hard" has always been the first index for Feng to choose a like-minded marriage partner. The main reason why she broke up with Wang Pingqing was that Wang Ping stopped studying after graduating from Youth University. In her love letter to Bi, the heroine of Spring Scar repeatedly stressed the need to "study hard". The love letter, dated 1927 65438+ 10/8, wrote: "Although I live in sadness for 300 days out of 365 days a year, I can still read. So I hope you can study with peace of mind as before. " In the love letter of 65438+1October 20, there is also the painstaking advice of "reading with peace of mind". For Feng who loves reading, like-minded and complementary Lu Kanru is obviously more qualified than Wang Pingqing.
1929 65438+ 10 In October, Lu Ganru married Feng in Haimen, Jiangsu. After marriage, their hobbies mainly focused on academic research. 193 1, Shanghai Dajiang Bookstore published three volumes of Spring Scar, signed by husband and wife. 1932, The Scar of Spring, co-authored by husband and wife, was also published by Dajiang Bookstore. The publication of these two academic monographs established their academic position in the field of classical literature research in China. At the same time, as a popular female marriage writer in the history of modern literature, Feng gradually faded out of the literary world.
1932, Lu Kangru and Feng Shuangshuang went to the College of Literature of Paris University, France to study. 1935, they returned to China with their doctorates. Lu Ru has taught in yenching university, Sun Yat-sen University and Shandong University. He has taught at Jinling Women's University, Fudan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Wuhan University and Shandong University. From 65438 to 0955, she also served as vice president of Shandong University.
Although both husband and wife have experienced many changes from war to peace, their down-to-earth study and enterprising spirit have become their magic weapon to overcome difficulties and tide over difficulties. The creative experience and life experience of their generation can still be used for reference by young students today.