Tisch
China's higher education is deeply influenced by traditional educational concepts, and innovation and entrepreneurship education is still in the primary exploration stage. Although the government, universities and society have realized the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship, and have issued a series of supporting policies, many college students have also realized the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in the face of the severe employment situation. However, the current situation of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship is worrying.
The innovation and entrepreneurship education system in colleges and universities is not perfect.
Innovation and entrepreneurship education is a systematic project, which requires the joint efforts of the government, universities, society, students and other relevant parties. Although the government has issued a series of policies and systems to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, the specific supporting policies are still far from perfect. Innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is still in a marginal state, which is rarely mentioned in the talent training plan. Innovation and entrepreneurship education lacks clear teaching objectives and the syllabus is not specific enough. Courses are limited to offering several elective courses for students to choose independently, or inviting experts and entrepreneurs to teach. The teaching mode mainly adopts the traditional form of teachers' teaching, students' learning and final examination, and lacks the assessment of innovation and entrepreneurship theory and entrepreneurial social practice. If there is no perfect innovation and entrepreneurship education system, innovation and entrepreneurship education will become invalid formal education and will not really improve students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability.
The faculty of innovation and entrepreneurship in colleges and universities is relatively weak.
In order to achieve practical results in innovation and entrepreneurship education and effectively improve the quality, ability and level of students' innovation and entrepreneurship, it is the key condition to have a team of high-quality professional teachers. On that day, the vast majority of teachers who carried out innovation and entrepreneurship education courses in China were generally teachers of our school's employment guidance center, professional teachers who undertook entrepreneurship education in their spare time, counselors or student administrators who were engaged in student counseling, and a few universities invited alumni entrepreneurs, government agencies or entrepreneurs' alumni to teach as temporary part-time personnel. Theoretical teachers lack practical entrepreneurial experience, the teaching methods are backward, the teaching content does not conform to the entrepreneurial reality, and the social part-time tutor's teaching is not standardized and systematic. Please come, or you will not come without invitation. A team of tutors who lack stability and experience in innovation and entrepreneurship education can hardly guarantee the effect of innovation and entrepreneurship education.
The construction of business incubators is not effective enough.
The government and society need to provide policy, financial and institutional support for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education, but the school is the main undertaker of innovation and entrepreneurship education, and the school should take effective measures to provide students with a space and platform for innovation and entrepreneurship education. On the same day, most colleges and universities provided special funds to create innovative business incubators for college students, and provided special start-up funds, business incubators and related technologies for students in schools. Projects that earn income in business incubators can enjoy tax reduction and exemption policies for a certain period of time. However, according to the actual investigation, the operation of business incubators in many universities is not good, students' entrepreneurial enthusiasm is not too high, and their entrepreneurial level is relatively low. Most entrepreneurial projects are still at the level of selling small commodities. It can be seen that innovation and entrepreneurship education needs to be improved, and all aspects need to increase support and guidance.
Contemporary college students' awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship needs to be improved.
The main body of innovation and entrepreneurship education is young intellectuals with innovative and entrepreneurial thinking and consciousness and innovative and entrepreneurial ability. In recent years, the state and local governments have proposed to promote "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" and issued a series of policies to support innovation and entrepreneurship. Colleges and universities also provide special funds to promote the system construction of business incubators in colleges and universities, and increase the cultivation of college students' awareness and ability of innovation and entrepreneurship. However, the cost of starting a business is high, the risk of failure is great, and the employment pressure faced by graduates is unprecedented. Students around the age of 25 will encounter great obstacles when they try to start a risky business after graduation. These practical problems have caused many schools and students to have a weak sense of innovation and entrepreneurship. All kinds of science and technology competitions, innovative design competitions and practical activities organized by the state or various localities and schools are also very popular, and it is difficult to help college students achieve practical results through competitions. Despite the above-mentioned objective problems, many college students lack innovation consciousness, dare not innovate and start businesses, and have a weak sense of risk, which is an important reason why innovation and entrepreneurship education is difficult to achieve practical results.
extreme
I. Overview of the Project
1. Research background
In recent years, the overall scale of college enrollment in China has been expanding. It is predicted that by 20 1 1 year, college graduates alone will cause considerable pressure on social employment. It is difficult for institutions to accept a large number of college graduates, and it is also difficult for large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises to provide sufficient and effective employment opportunities because of structural adjustment and industrial optimization. In such a social environment, college students will face the possibility of unemployment after graduation. Therefore, it is undoubtedly a feasible and effective way to solve the employment problem of college students through entrepreneurship. One student's entrepreneurship can attract several students to participate, and successful entrepreneurship can solve the employment problem of a group of college students. If the climate of students' entrepreneurship is formed in society, the pressure of social employment will be greatly alleviated. With the development of market economy, the industrial structure of urban and rural areas will be constantly adjusted according to the changes of the market, which will bring about the transfer of labor and the transformation of professional posts. This requires that future workers are not only single operators of a single type of work in the production process, but also can participate in the development and creation of new products, the implementation of new technologies and new processes, and enter business links such as planning, management and service. All these require future workers to have the dual abilities of employment and entrepreneurship, and the ability to change careers in many directions and start their own businesses.
2. Research purpose
All these indicate that college students need to change from the concept of employment to the concept of entrepreneurship. Everyone has had such a dream to some extent, and even made a plan to realize it step by step to make it come true. However, there are dreams and hopes. If there are no conditions, it is still difficult to realize the dream of starting a business. The most important thing is to accumulate necessary experience and adequate preparation before starting a business, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, before starting a business, we might as well stop and think about whether we college students have the concept of starting a business, whether we are ready for starting a business, and what qualities and conditions college students need to start a business, which have to cause us to think.
3. Survey area and profile
In order to solve this problem, we investigated and analyzed the entrepreneurial situation of college students in Wanzhou on 201.1.06. Our research scope is the college students of Chongqing Three Gorges University. This is a small-scale survey of 50 college students randomly selected. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, 50 were recovered and 45 were valid.
Two. Analysis of survey results
1. Questionnaire analysis
(1). Are you willing to start your own business?
56% have considered starting their own business, 25% have no plans at all, and 19% have already started. Of the 45 college students, 25 are considering starting their own businesses after graduation, among which freshmen account for 36% of the total number and the rest account for 20%.
Freshmen are full of vitality and full of expectations for the future. Graduates may be bound by the so-called reality when looking for a job or studying, and only 7% people are willing to start their own businesses. In the survey, rural students are more willing to start their own businesses, which is of course related to the fact that there are more local rural students in Hanzhong than urban students.
(2). Understanding of entrepreneurship.
For the understanding of "college students' entrepreneurship", 62.5% college students generally understand it, and 6.25% college students understand it or not. 3 1.25% of college students have not received entrepreneurship guidance education at school; However, the interviewed college students all said that it is necessary to receive entrepreneurship education at school, and schools should strengthen the psychological education of frustration in entrepreneurship. Others think that innovation education, practical ability training and team spirit training should be strengthened.
(3) Different educational levels' views on entrepreneurship.
In fact, both undergraduates and junior college students have the ambition and potential to start a business. This survey shows that 56.25% of undergraduates have the desire to start a business, and the number of junior college students is only 12.5 percentage points.
(4). The quality and preparation before starting a business.
However, what kind of quality conditions we college students need to start a business, which industries are suitable for our college students to start a business, and what difficulties we will encounter in starting a business are all problems we need to investigate and study. In the survey, it is found that college students think that capital and technology are the most important things to start their own businesses, of which technology accounts for 62.5%, which is the two major problems faced by young entrepreneurs. College students who have just left the university campus are short of funds and have no environmental advantages in social financing. An important reason for the failure of college students' entrepreneurship is to ignore scientific and technological innovation.
In terms of venture capital, the general financing method is to seek the support of relatives and friends, or to join one or two like-minded people to jointly invest and start a business. Sole proprietorship is becoming more and more common. On the one hand, sole proprietorship can enable entrepreneurs to have absolute management rights and save the troubles caused by differences of opinion in joint ventures. In addition, due to the change of economic structure, the service industry has become a "new star of entrepreneurship", attracting a large number of people with entrepreneurial dreams to show their ambitions on this stage. However, the general service industry mostly belongs to the nature of small investment, and the required funds range from 250,000 to 2 million yuan, unlike the manufacturing industry or the information industry, which requires huge funds, resulting in a greater burden and wind. Relatives and friends play the role of "close comrades-in-arms" in the process of individual entrepreneurship, so they are often the main targets for entrepreneurs to quit. Seeking joint investment from entrepreneurial partners is a risk sharing scheme. Moreover, three heads are better than one Zhuge Liang, and they can learn from each other's strengths and make the pace of entrepreneurship quickly get on the right track.
In terms of technology, entrepreneurs lack an accurate understanding of various resources needed for starting a business. At this point, enterprise personnel with actual combat experience are better than students at school.
The problem of mentality is also to be discussed in the process of starting a business. Students must first have a "risk awareness" and be able to withstand the pressure brought by risks. In the survey, 50.00% students have different attitudes about whether to give up starting a business because of the shortage of funds and the risk of starting a business.
(5). Selection of entrepreneurial areas
In recent years, with the development of the western region and the rise of the central region, college students pay more attention to the western and central markets, accounting for 365,438+0.25% and 43.75% respectively, which is a good sign for China to eliminate regional disparities. Faced with so many problems, are our college students ready and what qualities should they have to accept the challenge of starting a business? 87.5% students think that the most important thing is to have good personal ability and strong challenge spirit, and the popularity of the school has also become the focus of college students' entrepreneurship.
We are delighted to see that the state has issued a number of preferential policies to encourage college students to start their own businesses. This year 1 month, the Ministry of Education announced a policy that "college students and graduate students (including master's and doctoral students) can drop out of school and keep their student status to start high-tech enterprises".
2. Countermeasures and suggestions
From this 100 questionnaire, we put forward some suggestions for college students who are willing to start a business:
(1) Pay attention to and evaluate your own financial resources. An enterprise is composed of talents, products and funds, and its own funds are insufficient, which often leads to a heavy burden on entrepreneurs' interests and failure to achieve their careers. Therefore, entrepreneurial youth should have the concept of "how much can be done with how much effort" and don't borrow too much to operate; Enterprises should be "big" rather than "big". "Big" means gradually expanding after making a profit, and "big" means desperately borrowing money. Only an empty shell is not practical, and it is bound to fail when it encounters risks.
(2) Have willpower. If you have an annual plan, goals and ideals, you must have strong patience and willpower to carry them out. The more frustrated, the braver. I won't stop until I reach my goal.
(3) Complete the company registration and understand the relevant laws and entrepreneurial procedures. Before starting business, you must know all the regulations, details and forms of licenses or license applications related to commercial laws and regulations. Remember, there may be differences in the regulations of for-profit organizations in different counties and cities, so don't forget to ask what legal norms need special attention.
(4) Choose the right entrepreneurial direction and learn professional knowledge. To start a business, you should choose your familiar and specialized career. At first, you can operate on a small scale or cooperate with shareholders, and gradually expand according to the business plan.
(5) Choosing the right address will get twice the result with half the effort. There are two factors that cannot be ignored in choosing an address, namely, the ability to pay rent and the conditions of leasing. For first-time entrepreneurs, the most cost-effective way is to book a one-year or two-year lease to prepare for whether there are newer options.
When Bill Gates, Jerry Yang and Mr Ellison's Oracle Bone Inscriptions are well known to us, when the increasing employment pressure makes us breathless.
When we can't breathe, when the wave of college students' entrepreneurship is rolling in, we have to face up to the fact that college students are passionate, but they often lack understanding of the national conditions; Have the courage to start a business, but lack a mature entrepreneurial concept, so many young people who have just stepped out of the ivory tower, with unlimited passion and dreams, have to face many bumps. However, I believe that with the progress of the times and historical civilization, with the continuous accumulation of our knowledge, we will face up to our own shortcomings and gradually cultivate them in the process of learning, so as to have the quality and knowledge reserves that entrepreneurship should have. We will succeed, even if we fail, we have no regrets, because we have worked hard for ourselves and become our own masters. We will pat the dust on our bodies and continue the difficult journey of starting a business, because we have capital-youth and youth.
Three. Survey summary
This research activity started in early March 2007 and lasted 1 month. It is divided into several stages: demand analysis, questionnaire design, questionnaire survey, data analysis and report formation, and the overall development is relatively smooth. Based on the results of this survey, we find that only a few college students are willing to start a business, and their understanding of entrepreneurship is only superficial. But they are full of vigor and vitality, full of confidence in the future, actively preparing for starting a business, and believe that their passion and wisdom can bring them success.
Tisso
I. Research background
In 20 16, the total number of college graduates nationwide reached 7.65 million, an increase of 160,000 compared with 20 15, and the employment challenges faced by college students reached a record high. At the same time, due to the slowdown of China's macroeconomic growth, the continuous increase of total employment and the prominent structural contradiction of the labor force, the effective employment demand of college graduates is on the decline. Under the increasingly severe social background of college students' employment situation, it is particularly important to take effective measures to create a good entrepreneurial environment for college students and promote their employment. At the same time, encouraging and supporting college students' entrepreneurship is more conducive to regional economic growth and transformation and upgrading, thus stimulating the innovation vitality of the whole society.
The author is fortunate to be a post-service cadre of the Postal Savings Bank to the county-level Youth League Committee. Using the convenience of work, on 20 15 and 20 16, we conducted a survey on 59 enterprises in fancheng district, Xiangyang City that applied for provincial and municipal college students' entrepreneurship support projects. On the one hand, he understands the difficulties encountered by college students in the process of starting a business, provides reasonable suggestions and solutions for college students who have graduated or are about to graduate, encourages them to start a business within their capabilities, and thus provides more choices for their career paths. On the other hand, it also discusses how to better serve college students' entrepreneurship and employment, inclusive finance and local economic construction through syndicated cooperation.
Second, research methods
In the middle and late May of 20 16, 28 enterprises that applied for college students' entrepreneurial projects in 20 16 were visited on the spot, and questionnaires were distributed to these 28 enterprises. A total of 28 questionnaires were collected, of which 28 were valid, and the effective rate was 100%. At the same time, in early June, a telephone interview was conducted with 365,438+0 enterprises that applied for the 2065,438+05 college students' entrepreneurial project, and a total of 59 enterprises were investigated. In the process of issuing this questionnaire, the following two points have been achieved: first, the ideological concerns of the respondents have been relieved, and the authenticity of the survey results has been guaranteed; Second, the topic of the questionnaire is clear, which reduces the ambiguity and mistakes that may occur in the process of answering questions.
Third, the survey results.
1. The gender ratio of college entrepreneurs is basically balanced.
The traditional concept of "men dominate the outside and women dominate the inside" is deeply rooted in the minds of China people. It is generally believed that women should seek a stable job and spare some energy to educate their children, while men should take on more family responsibilities and work hard in their careers. In addition, it is generally believed that men are more adventurous and enterprising, and women are more rational when considering problems, so entrepreneurship will be more popular with men. However, the actual survey results show that among 59 college entrepreneurs, 30 are male and 29 are female. It can be seen that there is no "gender imbalance" among entrepreneurs, and the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of female college students in recent years is also "a drop in the bucket".
2. The educational background of college entrepreneurs presents a pyramid structure.
Among the 59 entrepreneurs, 1 PhD students, 3 master students, 29 undergraduates and the remaining 26 junior college students. Most college entrepreneurs have bachelor's and junior college degrees, and only a few are master's or doctoral students. Objectively speaking, the higher the educational background, the less the employment pressure and the higher the opportunity cost of starting a business. At the same time, it also confirms the general view of public opinion: "Entrepreneurship needs courage, courage and adventurous spirit, not high education. The higher the education, the wider the knowledge and the more scruples, the harder it is to take the first step. "
3. The majors of college students' entrepreneurs are not directly related to their entrepreneurial projects.
It is generally believed that college students' entrepreneurship can be linked to their majors and apply what they have learned. Of course, some experts pointed out that majors should serve for entrepreneurship or employment, but we can't unilaterally emphasize that entrepreneurship must be compatible with majors. Of the 59 enterprises surveyed, 13 are engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, 1 1 is engaged in information transmission, computer service and software industry, 14 is engaged in education, cultural and creative industries, and 2 1 is engaged in retail and other service industries. Among them, 15 entrepreneurs' majors are related to their industries, while the other 44 entrepreneurs' industries have nothing to do with their majors. Judging from the operating conditions of enterprises in the actual investigation process, there is no direct relationship between the operating conditions of enterprises and the majors learned by entrepreneurs. On the one hand, it shows that the current entrepreneurial concept of college entrepreneurs is relatively open, and they can adjust their positioning in real time according to market demand, dare to adopt early adopters and dare to innovate; On the other hand, there are also people who have difficulty in finding a job in the early stage, have been frustrated in starting a business, and have to change careers.
4. Most college entrepreneurs favor emerging industries.
Judging from the project composition of these 59 college entrepreneurs, there are 4/kloc-0 projects engaged in internet plus, e-commerce management, computer software development, WeChat platform operation and education and training, accounting for 70% of all projects. On the positive side, it highlights that college entrepreneurs can keenly capture market information, be good at accepting new things and be able to integrate into the hottest market environment at present; At the same time, we can also see that college entrepreneurs rarely set foot in traditional industries such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, wholesale and retail, processing and manufacturing (the reason why there are many types of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is because the sample of this survey is limited to fancheng district, Xiangyang City, and there is a local characteristic industry in Taipingdian Town, fancheng district, and most of the projects of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery 13 are like this). On the one hand, these industries have higher barriers to entry. For example, the requirements for capital, technology and channels are relatively high, and these industries are also very hard. On the other hand, college students' entrepreneurs cluster in internet plus, e-commerce and other projects, which does not rule out blindly following the trend.
5. The entrepreneurial situation of most college entrepreneurs is not optimistic.
Although many people say that the success rate of entrepreneurship is only about 10%, I still hope that more college entrepreneurs can stand in the forefront. According to the actual investigation, of the 5 1 entrepreneurial projects for college students, 8 are operating well, 1 1 has a slight surplus, and about 15 can basically maintain the daily expenses of enterprises, and about 17 is in urgent need of help. According to the feedback from college students, it is considered that the main factors restricting the development of entrepreneurial projects are rising labor costs (about 85%), rising prices of energy and raw materials (about 80%) and shortage of liquidity (about 70%), followed by intensified market competition, falling product prices (about 50%) and low recognition of new industries and markets (about 30%). In fact, these are also common factors restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. From the results of field investigation, there is also a phenomenon that only three entrepreneurs think that their poor management restricts the business development of enterprises. It can be seen that college entrepreneurs are not good at finding reasons from themselves, but attribute the problems to external factors.
6. College entrepreneurs are most looking forward to receiving financial assistance.
Providing funds, dual-choice platform for projects and professional training are the most desirable help for college entrepreneurs (about 100%), and holding entrepreneur lectures is also the help most entrepreneurs need (about 80%). Secondly, creating online homes for entrepreneurs (about 50%) and providing video interviews or video entrepreneurship guidance courses for successful entrepreneurs (about 30%) are also the services that entrepreneurs expect functional departments to provide.
Among 5 1 of college students' entrepreneurs, only 6 have applied for business loans. 14 said that they had applied for loans, but they could not get loans because of the small scale and insufficient guarantee. The remaining 23 said that they really wanted loans, but they did not know the appropriate credit products.
The Youth League Committee, the People's Social Security Bureau and the Finance Bureau cooperate to support college students' entrepreneurship, and each entrepreneur can only get one sum, and cannot apply repeatedly. Judging from the previous situation, most entrepreneurs can only get a subsidy of1-30,000 yuan, which can only solve the urgent needs of college entrepreneurs.
Fourth, the conclusion of the investigation.
Through this survey, I want to give some suggestions to college students who have started or are about to start a business:
1. Accumulate comprehensive knowledge.
For an entrepreneur, no matter what kind of entrepreneurial project he participates in, some business knowledge and management skills must be possessed in advance. The basic knowledge that entrepreneurs should have includes: knowledge about registration, tax declaration and reduction policies, bank account opening and other legal business opening; Marketing knowledge, pricing knowledge and pricing strategy, sales channel development and marketing management about market forecasting and investigation; Common sense of economic law such as contract law, company law and consumer rights protection law; Employment and social security knowledge, etc.
2. Expand network resources.
Network information shows that at present, 70% of college students in China have a narrow social circle, and it is difficult to communicate with strangers, which will inevitably lead to the lack of network resources. And connections are extremely important for entrepreneurs. The so-called connections determine the financial pulse. Therefore, college students who have started a business or are about to start a business should learn to accumulate their own contacts in their growth. First, they should accumulate contacts in the process of visiting customers. Second, learn to handle any business card you get; The third is to participate in industry activities and training, such as new product launches, press conferences and product promotion conferences of various enterprises.
3. Learn to cooperate with others.
With the intensification of industry competition, the refinement of social division of labor and the complexity of business environment, it is difficult for a person to master everything. Therefore, college entrepreneurs must learn to use other people's resources, learn to cooperate and rely on teams to develop their careers. As Miracle, president of Ctrip Computer Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. told young entrepreneurs, Ctrip's success. In addition to seizing the opportunity of the rapid development of the Internet, com relies on a good entrepreneurial team. Everyone can join hands to start a business, share their knowledge and experience, and avoid many entrepreneurial "minefields".