Reference answer to the review outline of higher education for college teacher qualification examination

I. Explanation of Nouns

1. Higher education: refers to the education implemented on the basis of completing senior secondary education.

2. Teaching process: refers to the development process of teaching activities, which is a process for teachers to guide students to understand the objective world and develop themselves mainly by understanding the teaching content on the basis of certain social requirements and the characteristics of students' physical and mental development.

3. Wisconsin Thought: On the basis of teaching and scientific research, break the traditional closed state of universities by cultivating talents and transmitting knowledge, strive to play the role of universities in serving the society and actively promote social and economic development.

4. Higher education structure: refers to the connection mode and proportional relationship between the components in the higher education system, which is a multi-dimensional and multi-level complex comprehensive structure.

5. Teaching evaluation: refers to the process of systematically testing teachers' teaching according to certain teaching objectives and standards, and evaluating their values, advantages and disadvantages in order to improve. It is not only an important part of the teaching process, but also the basis of all effective teaching and successful teaching.

6. Social-oriented theory: it advocates that the educational purpose should be formulated according to national interests and social needs, with the social value of education as the guide.

7. Hidden curriculum: also known as generalized curriculum, refers to the knowledge, experience, emotion and attitude that students acquire through extracurricular activities, campus culture, interpersonal relationships and other channels that have a significant impact on students' growth.

8. Popularization of higher education: the development process of a country's higher education from the elite stage to the mass stage, and constantly cultivating a large number of ordinary people until the mass stage comes.

9. Credit system: an educational model, which is a comprehensive teaching management system with course selection as the core and teacher guidance as the supplement, and measures the quality and quantity of students' learning through grade points and credits.

10, Moreel act: it is stipulated that each state has a congressman, and 30,000 acres of federal land will be allocated to maintain and fund at least one college with the proceeds of these lands, and these colleges will mainly offer majors related to agriculture and mechanical technology to train talents urgently needed by industry and agriculture.

1 1. General education: Compared with the traditional "specialist" education, it is a new educational concept. This educational model pays attention to the cultivation of various qualities of talents, which not only has professional expertise, but also cultivates people's social ability, innovative spirit and innovative ability.

12, the purpose of education: it is the setting of the results that the educational subject wants to achieve, that is, the overall quality standards and specifications for the talents to be trained in educational activities.

Second, short answer questions

1, the cultural function of higher education

A: There are two ways of human reproduction. One is reproduction. There is heredity and variation in this reproduction, which promotes the evolution of human beings. The second is cultural reproduction. Culture cannot be passed down from generation to generation. There are both inheritance and innovation in this cultural reproduction, which has promoted the progress of human civilization. The reproduction of human culture depends on education. Through the cultivation of human beings, education should not only convey the existing human culture, but also make its own contribution to the creation of a new human culture. Without the transmission of culture, it cannot be passed on; Without innovation, there will be no cultural progress, or even a culture that can be passed down. The cultural function with the content of cultural inheritance and innovation is the first and most basic function in the social function of education, and other social functions are derived from it.

2. Briefly describe the theoretical points of Marxist theory of man's all-round development.

A: The all-round development of human beings is restricted by social and historical conditions, and it will be a long historical process from one-sided development to all-round development. Marxist thought of all-round development education is aimed at one-sided development and ideal development of human beings. One-sided development of human beings is determined by factors such as the level of social productive forces, social system and social ideology, and the popularity of education. When people have not got rid of the control of natural forces and human slavery; When the level of productivity is not enough to get people out of poverty and fight for food and clothing; When the social system and social ideology have not completely lifted the suppression of human nature and personality; When education is not universal, people can't get equal educational opportunities; When people only regard education as a means of making a living rather than meeting their own development needs; When people cannot get rid of the fixed social division of labor, there will be a situation of layout development. Therefore, human development always interacts with social and historical progress and human liberation, advancing synchronously, from one-sided development to all-round development, from low-level all-round development to high-level all-round development, and finally to all-round free development. In this context, the concept of all-round development of education has been put forward. On the one hand, it provides people with the ideal goal of human development, on the other hand, it tells people that the historical process of realizing people's all-round development is not only a process of constantly creating social conditions for people's all-round development, but also a process of constantly overcoming people's one-sided development.

3. The connotation and relationship between generalist education and junior college education.

A: General education is a kind of general education. General education courses include public courses that every college student must study regardless of his major and non-professional elective courses that meet the needs of college students' personality development, covering a wide range of fields such as humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, sports health care and so on. These courses aim at cultivating students' comprehensive qualities such as humanities, science and health. Professional education courses include professional basic courses and professional courses, aiming at cultivating students' professional quality. To correctly understand and deal with the relationship between general education courses and professional education courses, we must make clear the following two points: 1) Both courses should be valued rather than ignored. As two kinds of courses that constitute the basic content of undergraduate courses, general education courses are the basis of professional education courses, and professional education courses are the directional development and promotion on the basis of general education courses. The combination of the two comprehensively embodies the unity of comprehensiveness, professionalism and creativity in the training of senior professionals, and it is one-sided and undesirable to ignore any aspect. 2) The two types of courses should focus on professional education courses. The so-called "priority" means that professional education should be in the main position in the curriculum structure, and that professional education courses should account for most of the total credits in the total hours. The reason for this is first determined by the characteristics of higher education. Professionalism is one of the essential characteristics of higher education, which has never changed in the world. Secondly, it depends on China's national conditions. In some western developed countries, due to the popularization of higher education, general education tends to move up, so the composition of general education in undergraduate education increases, while the composition of professional education decreases, and the focus shifts to graduate education. However, this model cannot be copied to China. First of all, the development of higher education in China is far from that of western developed countries. Second, undergraduate education is still the main source of senior professionals in China. Third, most of the undergraduate graduates in China are facing employment instead of graduate school. Therefore, when dealing with the relationship between the two types of courses, we must adhere to the principle of focusing on professional education courses to ensure the quality of professional education.

4. The main links of modern teaching activities

A: The teaching activities in colleges and universities are mainly composed of classroom teaching, experimental teaching, practice, scientific research and graduation project (thesis). (1) Classroom teaching The basic links of classroom teaching include preparing lessons, attending lectures and summarizing after class. Basic requirements for preparing lessons: First of all, we should study the syllabus, make clear the teaching purpose of this subject and the specific requirements of specific chapters, and understand the basic content, structure, key chapters and key difficulties of each chapter of the teaching system. Secondly, teachers should pay attention to extensive reading and accumulation of relevant materials, and understand the latest development direction of this discipline and specialty. Finally, under the premise of understanding students, teachers should prepare lessons according to students' existing knowledge structure and understanding ability, and reflect them in the teaching plan. (III) Graduation design (thesis) 3 Steps and methods of writing graduation thesis (1) Selecting topics, determining topics (2) Consulting literature, collecting data (3) Comprehensive thinking, drafting an outline (4) Writing a draft, revising the final version (5) Thesis defense and quality evaluation.

5. How to understand the relationship between the three functions of a university?

A: Teaching, scientific research and social service are the three major functions of modern universities. Concept is the spiritual wealth formed by people's understanding of things and the forerunner of behavior. Understanding the historical evolution of university function view is of great significance for us to understand the relationship between modern university functions. We should correctly handle the relationship between the three. 1. Cultivating talents is the fundamental mission of modern universities. Among the three functions of universities, scientific research and social service are not unique to universities. Only the function of cultivating senior professionals is unique to universities and cannot be replaced by any other social organization. From medieval universities, modern universities to modern universities, no matter how universities develop, it is always the fundamental mission of universities to cultivate talents. Any university should put teaching first. Cultivating talents, especially senior talents, is a long-term and arduous task, and its benefits are lagging behind. Among the three functions of modern universities, teaching is in a weak position. If the relationship between the three is not handled well, teaching will be easily impacted by scientific research and social services. It can be said with certainty that if schools emphasize scientific research at the expense of teaching, they will eventually lose more than they gain. After China's higher education has entered the stage of popularization, the competition among universities has become increasingly fierce, which is concentrated in the source of students. The Ministry of Education evaluates the quality of undergraduate teaching every five years, and the evaluation results are announced to the public. Students pay for school, paying special attention to the quality of education. If schools neglect teaching, it will inevitably bring danger to students. If we can't recruit qualified and enough students, the school will face the crisis of being eliminated. 2. Scientific research is modernization and an important function of modern universities: modern universities are the distribution centers of intelligence and information, and the places where new knowledge is collected, collated, disseminated, applied and produced. Emphasizing that cultivating talents is the fundamental mission of modern universities is not to deny the importance of scientific research. University scientific research is of great significance in three aspects: first, creating new knowledge; Second, it is conducive to cultivating high-level and high-quality talents; The third is to obtain applied research results and directly serve social and economic development. 3. Social service is an extension of modern university functions. Social services include paid services and free services. Colleges and universities should provide not only paid services, but also free services. Through a wide range of services, they can fully understand the social needs, expand the space for running schools, and contribute to the society, which is of great significance to improving the quality of personnel training and the level of scientific research in colleges and universities.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of university teaching process.

A: There are three remarkable characteristics in the process of university education. (1) Professionalism of university teaching: Higher education is a professional education based on general education, which is essentially different from general education and can be summarized as "high" and "specialized". University teaching specialty should adapt to the development of modern science and technology, which is conducive to the combination of learning and discovery for college students. We should handle the relationship between specialization and integration. Under the condition of scientific and technological development, in order to adapt college students to future work and scientific research, there is a general trend in developed countries around the world to broaden their majors and strengthen basic training and comprehensive training, trying to combine specialization and integration from the national conditions of China. (2) The combination of teaching and scientific research. The combination of teaching and scientific research in the process of university teaching includes two aspects: one is the combination of teachers' teaching and scientific research; On the one hand, it refers to the combination of students' study and scientific research; Studying the combination of teaching and scientific research in the process of university teaching mainly refers to students. Specific performance: 1) In the teaching process, pay attention to stimulate students' desire for knowledge and the spirit of pursuing truth, break the mystery of creation, and cultivate the sense of historical responsibility that learning is for discovery, thus forming the intrinsic motivation of students' learning and creation, which can not only promote students' active learning, but also enable students to actively engage in creative activities. 2) The content of university teaching should reflect the latest scientific and technological achievements and research trends, so that students can broaden their horizons on the basis of mastering the contents of teaching materials and make their learning develop in depth. 3) Teaching methods are closely combined with scientific research methods. We should advocate creative learning, that is, in addition to adhering to the necessary classroom teaching methods, we should also guide students to learn by scientific discovery methods, which will not only make students learn more vividly and solidly, but also get training in scientific methods. 4) College students directly enter the field of scientific research. The scientific research activities of college students should not be limited to graduation thesis, but should enable them to enter the scientific research field as soon as possible. The scientific research of college students is not only an important way to learn knowledge and cultivate intelligence, but also has the significance of discovery.

7. How to highlight the dominant position of college students in teaching?

A: 1. Students are the main body of independent development and self-construction: learning motivation; Cognitive learning strategies; Learning time management; Learning self-monitoring; Academic help; 2. Students are active participants and promoters in the teaching process: there are two levels: first, students are active participants in the teaching process; Second, students are active promoters of teaching activities; 3. Students are independent and exploratory learners. College students' dependence on teachers is greatly reduced, their abilities of self-management and self-selection are enhanced, and their learning consciousness and independence are greatly improved.

9. What does the university curriculum construction include?

A: 1. Curriculum construction planning. On the basis of the overall planning of curriculum construction, according to the orientation and characteristics of the school, we should rationally plan the construction of top-quality courses, promote the construction of other courses with top-quality courses, and improve the overall teaching level of the school through the construction of top-quality courses. 2. Construction of teaching staff. Excellent courses should be taught by professors with high academic attainments and rich teaching experience. Through the construction of top-quality courses, a teacher echelon with reasonable structure, stable personnel, high teaching level and good teaching effect will be gradually formed, and tutors and experimental teachers will be equipped according to a certain proportion. Encourage doctoral students to participate in the construction of excellent courses. 3. Reform of teaching content and curriculum system. It is necessary to accurately locate the position and function of top-quality courses in the process of talent training, and correctly handle the relationship between single course construction and series course reform. The teaching content of top-quality courses should be advanced, reflect the latest scientific and technological achievements in this field in time, absorb advanced teaching experience extensively, actively integrate outstanding teaching reform achievements, and reflect the new requirements put forward by social, political, economic and technological development in the new period for talent training. 4. Reform of teaching methods and means. We should make rational use of modern information technology and other means to reform traditional teaching concepts, teaching methods, teaching means and teaching management. Excellent courses should be taught and managed through the internet, and relevant teaching outlines, teaching plans, exercises, experimental guidance and bibliography can be consulted online. Network courseware and lecture videos should be encouraged to share high-quality teaching resources and promote the construction of other courses. 5. Teaching material construction. Excellent course teaching materials should be serialized excellent teaching materials. Lecturers of top-quality courses can write and produce related teaching materials by themselves, or choose national excellent teaching materials and foreign high-level original teaching materials. Encourage the construction of three-dimensional teaching materials with integrated design and organic combination of multiple media. 6. Practice teaching. We should attach great importance to practical teaching links such as experiments and internships, and cultivate and improve students' innovative ability through practice. Teachers of top-quality courses should personally preside over and design practical teaching, vigorously reform the form and content of experimental teaching, encourage the establishment of comprehensive and innovative experimental and research-oriented courses, and encourage students to participate in scientific research activities.

8. What relationships should be handled to optimize the university curriculum structure?

Answer: 1. The relationship between general education curriculum and professional education curriculum: 2. 3. The relationship between specialized basic courses and specialized courses. The relationship between subject curriculum and comprehensive curriculum, 4. The relationship between theoretical courses and teaching practice: 5. The relationship between explicit curriculum and implicit curriculum, 6. The relationship between compulsory courses and elective courses, 7. The relationship between specialized courses and second specialized courses, 8. First of all.

10. Briefly describe the basic characteristics of generalist education.

A: General education is a new educational concept compared with the traditional "junior college" education. This educational model pays attention to the cultivation of various qualities of talents, which not only has professional expertise, but also cultivates people's social ability, innovative spirit and innovative ability. General education, also known as "general education" and "general education", is synonymous with "free education". At first, it was a general term for basic education, and now it is a non-professional education for all college students. Therefore, its main content not only covers the education of basic knowledge, skills and attitudes in interdisciplinary and multi-professional fields. Its educational methods must not be limited to knowledge transmission in the classroom, but also include active teaching interaction and social practice. Its purpose is to cultivate people who actively participate in social life, have a sense of social responsibility and develop in an all-round way. The basic feature is that the training focuses on basic theoretical knowledge, skills and methods, and the teaching content covers the whole subject field, with the characteristics of mutual penetration and integration among disciplines. The disadvantage is that the comprehensive lectures and various discussions of general education courses are overemphasized, and classical theoretical knowledge may be out of touch with real life and production.

1 1. Briefly describe the basic principles of writing test questions.

A: High credibility; High efficiency; Comprehensive; Adaptability; Economy. The basic requirements for writing exercises and test questions of this course are: scientific literacy as the core, comprehensiveness and foundation as the goal, humanism and times as the background, authenticity and educational significance in question situations, and inquiry and openness in the thinking process. Only in this way can teachers and students change the teaching methods according to the teaching concept of the new curriculum standard, promote students' autonomy, cooperation and inquiry learning, and cultivate innovative spirit and practical ability. 1. First of all, it must conform to the ideas and requirements of the textbook. Test questions and exercises play a leading role in teachers' teaching and students' learning. Therefore, we must keep pace with the teaching materials, focus on the future development of students, and reflect the times, foundation and selectivity. 2. Compulsory modules should be basic and comprehensive in topic selection. 3. Close contact with practice.

12. What is the relationship between education and economy?

A: First of all, the development of education is restricted by the economy. Economic development provides the necessary material support for the development of education. Only when the economy develops and the material conditions are mature can education be fully developed. Secondly, economic development is inseparable from the intellectual support of education. The factors that determine economic growth are diversified, mainly in the following five aspects. (1) Increase in the quantity and quality of labor; (2) the increase in the number of means of production; ③ Improvement of resource allocation; (4) scale saving; ⑤ Knowledge and its application in production. Among them, the application of knowledge, that is, educational achievements, plays a very strong role in restricting whether the economy will grow, so economic development cannot be separated from education. Only with the development of education can the economy develop healthily and rapidly. If the economy leaves the support of education, the result will inevitably be economic recession.

Third, the essay questions

1, combined with the actual situation, talk about your views on the expansion of higher education in China (including achievements and problems, cause analysis, countermeasures, etc. ).

A: The popularization of higher education is both a theory and a practice. This has not only become the initial reality of the development of higher education in China, but also an arduous task that needs to be completed step by step. The popularization of higher education is a concept of unity of quantity and quality. The increase in the number means that the enrollment rate of college-age young people should reach 15%-50%. Qualitative change includes a series of changes, such as the change of educational concept, the expansion of educational function, the diversification of training objectives and educational models, the curriculum, teaching methods, admission conditions, management methods and the relationship between higher education and society. If a country's higher education always stays in the elite stage, it is hard to imagine that it can meet the needs of social development. Therefore, it can be said that the popularization of higher education is a stage that higher education in any country in the modern world has to go through, which has certain inevitability. Western countries realized the popularization of higher education as early as 1950s and 1970s, and now it has generally entered the stage of popularization. 1995 the average enrollment rate of higher education in the world has reached the goal of 22. 4%, the enrollment rate in more than 70 countries exceeds 15%. If China does not speed up its popularization, it will inevitably distance itself from the development of higher education in the world. After several years of higher education expansion, the scale of higher education in China has ranked first in the world, and the gross enrollment rate has reached 19%, which has exceeded the threshold of higher education popularization. Compared with developed countries, the process of higher education popularization in China is not so much a natural evolution as a deliberate pursuit driven by national development strategies and policies. The popularization of higher education in western countries is based on the popularization of secondary education, the openness of higher education system, the diversity and stratification of structure and the deep involvement of market mechanism, which better embodies the unity of quality and quantity. In the process of popularization, China must overcome the brand of elite education and planned economy, unreasonable hierarchical structure, regional structure and discipline structure, insufficient state investment and strength of private higher education, and unreasonable resource allocation. At the same time, in the process of popularization of higher education, we should handle the relationship between mass education and elite education, establish a diversified view of education quality, strive to increase the enrollment rate of rural youth, narrow the gap between urban and rural youth in receiving higher education, establish a complete quality supervision and evaluation system of higher education, and realize the diversification of school-running system and funding sources. In a specific historical stage, according to China's national conditions, needs and possibilities, the "degree" of the popularization of higher education in China is determined, and the scale and speed of the popularization of higher education in China are determined according to what factors. In the process of popularization, we should also pay attention to overcoming the negative effects brought by scale, standardization and proceduralization, because in essence, this is contrary to paying equal attention to quality and quantity, diversifying and individualizing, and providing emotional communication channels between teachers and students. Because China's socialist modernization is a long process, coupled with a large population base and weak national strength, the popularization of higher education in China has a long process from the primary stage to the advanced stage. During this period, elite education coexisted, and there were also requirements to improve the quality, but it was more urgent to improve the quality of mass education. Although these two kinds of education have their own quality standards, the principle of "adapting to the needs of society and people" is common. Moreover, it is undeniable that the rapid expansion of the number of higher education in recent years and the lack of other support, especially the lack of funds and teachers, have objectively affected the quality of higher education personnel training.

2. Talk about what young teachers should and can do in promoting the overall reform of university teaching?

A: The teaching model is a specific teaching structure that adapts to certain educational goals. In China, the traditional teaching mode with one-way indoctrination as the main sacrifice is suitable for the educational goal of one-sided emphasis on knowledge inheritance, which is not conducive to students' enthusiasm, independence and creativity. In order to strengthen the cultivation of innovative talents, it is imperative to fundamentally change the current university teaching mode and explore new teaching modes. At present, the teaching reform in China's colleges and universities is obviously lagging behind, and the traditional teaching mode in colleges and universities has not made a fundamental breakthrough. At present, the direction of university reform should be internal, deep and overall reform, so as to realize the fundamental transformation of university teaching mode and the modernization of the university as a whole. In the reform of teaching mode, we should correctly understand and handle six relations and realize five changes. 1) correctly understand and deal with the relationship between inheritance and innovation in educational thought, so that the university teaching process will be transformed from a simple learning process to a learning-based process, and learning and discovery will be combined. In the process of university teaching, the main cognitive task of learning is learning, but this process includes not only learning factors, but also discovery factors. The so-called combination of learning and discovery, in essence, is to gradually realize the transformation from learning to discovery under the condition of learning as the mainstay. Paying attention to learning and combining learning with discovery are the most fundamental educational conditions for cultivating innovative talents. As long as the guiding ideology is established, it can be realized step by step. 2) Correctly understand and handle the relationship between all-round development and the cultivation of innovative talents, overcome the tendency of one-sided development and average development, and establish an educational goal based on all-round development and focusing on cultivating innovative spirit and practical ability. The growth of innovative talents should be based on all-round development, which should take creative development as the highest goal. The two are closely related. The goal of all-round development of education focusing on cultivating innovative spirit and practical ability is a major breakthrough in China's educational goal. According to this spirit, the educational objectives actually implemented in China's higher education should be adjusted and concretized. 3) Correctly understand and deal with the relationship between scientific certainty and uncertainty in teaching content, so that the teaching content can be changed from a closed knowledge system to an open knowledge system. At present, the reform of university teaching content mainly involves updating the content and entering the forefront of science. In university teaching content, if we only talk about scientific certainty, knowledge will become a closed system, and from the point of view of the unity of certainty and uncertainty, the scientific knowledge system is not closed, but open. Therefore, only by changing the teaching content of the university from a closed knowledge system to an open knowledge system, introducing both certainty and uncertainty, starting from certainty and pointing to uncertainty, can students establish a complete scientific concept, fully understand the nature of science, understand the frontier of scientific development, stimulate the spirit of scientific inquiry, and lay a solid foundation for creative development in knowledge preparation and ideas. 4) Correctly understand and deal with the relationship between teaching and self-study, learning and scientific research in teaching methods, so that teaching methods can be changed from teaching to learning, scientific research can really enter the university teaching process, and students can be promoted from learning to scientific research, and from self-study to learning. Introducing scientific research into the teaching process is an important way to stimulate college students' innovative spirit, cultivate scientific methods and improve their scientific research ability, which is of great significance to the cultivation of innovative talents. To carry out scientific research activities among college students, we should strive to combine the cultivation of self-study ability with the cultivation of scientific research ability, combine small-scale scattered remote academic activities and scientific research activities with centralized graduation thesis, and combine students' scientific research projects with teachers' scientific research work, so as to ensure the quality of students' scientific research training and improve their scientific research ability and level. 5) Correctly understand and handle the relationship between unified requirements and personality development in teaching management, and change rigid management into flexible management. It is necessary to make some unified regulations on education quality and teaching process in teaching management, but to realize the coordination between unified requirements and personality development, rigid management must be changed into flexible management.

As far as the overall reform strategy of university teaching is concerned, we should pay attention to two aspects: 1. Overall reform should be combined with individual reform; To realize the combination of overall teaching reform and individual teaching reform, we must first have an overall design and put forward the ideas and objectives of overall teaching reform. When designing the reform of teaching mode, it is not to replace the original single mode with a new single mode, but to combine unity and diversity. Secondly, based on the goal of the overall teaching reform, it is promoted by projects and stages. 2. Teaching reform must go through experiments. Teaching must be reformed, and the reform must go through experiments. This is a basic experience and lesson of teaching reform in colleges and universities since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it is the most basic method that must be adhered to in teaching reform. To carry out the teaching reform experiment, we should first set out from the actual problems, put forward the principles and ideas to solve the problems, determine the objectives and measures of the reform, then create the necessary conditions, adopt certain methods and steps to implement the experimental scheme, and modify and improve the experimental scheme during the experiment. Finally, according to the experimental results, scientific conclusions are made, correct decisions are formed, and the reform is promoted from point to area.