Wine is one of the main drinks in human life. China has a long history of brewing, with a wide variety of famous wines, which are well-known at home and abroad. Yellow rice wine is one of the oldest wines in the world. About 3000 years ago, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China people created the compound fermentation method of distiller's yeast and began to brew a large number of yellow rice wine. About 1000 years ago in the Song Dynasty, China people invented the distillation method, and since then, liquor has become the main liquor for China people to drink. Wine permeates the whole 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, and plays an important role in China people's life from literary and artistic creation, cultural entertainment to diet and cooking, health care and so on.
As old as Chinese wine culture, China's unsightly wine table culture, such as persuading and drinking, is called Chinese wine table culture, which is a deformed habit formed in the development of wine culture.
Since the sage Du Kang invented wine, China people have been drinking for thousands of years, forming a unique "Chinese wine culture", which has a history of more than 3,000 years from Shang and Zhou Dynasties to today. People in China love drinking, which has produced countless stories related to drinking. Taishi Gong Sima Qian once praised this in the Biography of Huo Zhi:
"Wine drinkers, the beauty of the day, the emperor so care for the world, enjoy worship and blessing, help the needy. The meeting of courtesy is not wine. "
In the Han dynasty, drinking became a common activity in all walks of life in the Han dynasty. Whether it is sacrifice, banquet, wedding or festival, all kinds of drinking activities are dizzying. China has a custom of taking wine as a gift since ancient times. Drinking often plays an educational function, such as "country wine", which is to educate the people to "treat each other like guests, old and young in an orderly manner; Relatives and friends are different, and there are differences inside and outside.
However, in the Han Dynasty, rulers often restricted their subjects from drinking. When Emperor Wendi was in power, he issued a slightly strange decree: a decree prohibiting three people from drinking alcohol for no reason. Historical Records Biography of Emperor Xiaowen records:
"Give the people a first-class title, and women drink a hundred cows in five days." . Later, Pei Yin commented on it: "In the Han law, if three or more people drink alcohol collectively for no reason, they will be fined four taels." This law is very simple, that is, people are forbidden to "drink in groups" for no reason. This "group" is "more than three people". According to the Han law, only festivals, weddings and days stipulated by the emperor can gather people to drink. The drinking day stipulated by the emperor is also called "Chun".
In the eyes of modern people, this law is simply meaningless. Why don't friends have a drink? According to archaeological findings, it really can't. In Juyan Han Bamboo Slips, a bamboo slip was found, which read "People who are forbidden to drink alcohol on the first day of the first day". Archaeological data and written materials correspond to each other, which can prove the existence of "unreasonable drinking"
Why didn't the imperial court allow people to drink collectively? This will start with the "wine table culture" in the Han Dynasty. If "wine culture" is a compliment, then "wine table culture" is an out-and-out derogatory term, because it often represents bad habits. This kind of culture has a long history with wine culture. By the Han dynasty, all the "bad habits of drinking tables" were reflected at that time. People in the Han dynasty were brave and straightforward, which also made this bad habit infinitely magnified. So, where is the "wine table culture" in the Han Dynasty?
First, compulsive persuasion
At present, few people drink voluntarily on the wine table, and others force them to drink. In the Han Dynasty, some drinkers liked to force others to drink. At that time, there was a group called Rangers, which was actually equivalent to the underworld. They eat black and white, often ignoring the ban, gathering people to drink, and forcing people to drink at the same time.
When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, there was a great warrior named Guo Jie, who was the leader of local evil forces and had great power, so his relatives bullied others. Among them, his brother-in-law is an unreasonable master. "The Story of the Ranger in Han Dynasty" records: "Solve my sister's negative solution, drink with others, make her sting and force her."
In other words, Guo Jie's brother-in-law, relying on his influence, always forces people to drink. The so-called "Zhu" means to swallow it in one gulp. If the other person doesn't finish drinking, take the wine and force it. Finally, someone couldn't bear it and assassinated the rude man. And Guo Jie's brother-in-law is not a good crop after all.
Coincidentally, there is a ranger named Chen Zun, who is a binge drinker. He not only likes to drink by himself, but also likes to force others to drink. Every time he holds a big banquet, when the guests are full, he often closes the door and throws the car keys of the guests into the well. Even if there is an emergency, he can't go out, and he is not allowed to leave without drinking. The anxious guests jumped in the air.
Besides the Rangers, the emperor was also a deep-water bomb that forced people to drink, among which Sun Quan, the great emperor of Soochow, was the representative. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms Zhang, Sun Quan once boarded a high platform to entertain guests. Everyone was drunk, so he sent someone to wake the drunk up with water and told everyone, "Today, everyone should keep drinking unless they fall off the stage."
In addition, according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, when Sun Quan was the king of Wu, he personally advised his ministers not to get drunk, but Yu Fan, the minister, didn't like drinking, so he pretended to be drunk. (The right belongs to the prince of Wu. After the banquet, he began to drink, turned over and got drunk, and couldn't help it. Go ahead, sit up. The power is furious, and the hand sword wants to strike it, and all the people sitting there are in awe. )
When Sun Quan saw Yu pretending to be drunk, he went crazy and drew his sword to cut him. If his colleagues hadn't advised him, Yu Zhongxiang would have been bleeding like a river. In fact, Sun Quan's behavior is only a microcosm of the phenomenon of "leading to persuade wine".
China's wine table culture, to put it bluntly, is a kind of culture of "honoring the humble", and superiors persuade the subordinates to show their authority. Rangers persuade wine because of force, just to enjoy the pleasure of conquering others with violence; The emperor advised people to drink because he wanted to try his power. Not drinking subordinates is a challenge to authority. This kind of disobedience will make people at a higher level feel out of control and "lose face". That's why Sun Quan was drunk and wanted to kill someone.
Second, take pride in drinking too much.
Westerners drink (except Russians) and pay attention to the exquisiteness of wine tasting; In China, it is important to drink more. No matter in ancient or modern times, alcoholics will be called Dionysus. At the hongmen banquet, Fan Kuai gave a performance of binge drinking.
At that time, Fan Zeng sent Xiangzhuang to dance the sword to kill Liu Bang. At this critical moment, Fan Kuai suddenly broke in. The original records of Historical Records:
King Xiang said, "Warriors! Give it a drink! " Then fight with wine. Thank you. Get up and drink right away. King Xiang said, "Give it a shoulder!" Then I will bear this burden with my life. Fan Kuai threw the shield on the ground, shouldered it, drew his sword and spat it out. King Xiang said, "Warriors! Can you drink again? "
Seeing that Fan Kuai had rushed into the camp and wanted to kill his spirit, Xiang Yu sent someone to give Fan Kuai a large glass of wine and asked him to drink it. This may be equivalent to letting Fan Kuai drink a kilo of wine in one breath, but Fan Kuai overcame the difficulties and swallowed it in one gulp. Xiang Yu, who is also a warrior, can't help but admire: "A strong man! Can you drink again! " If Fan Kuai can't finish the wine, I believe Xiang Yu is too lazy to listen to his advice, and Liu Bang won't escape. It can be seen that people in the Han Dynasty respected alcoholics very much.
"Han Zhuan Xu" contains:
"Zhao, Sok Li, since pour the drink. Meng:' If you lift yourself up, you will see that drinking is not enough. That is to say, you should finish it today and then pour a glass for others to see that you can do it. Teacher Guri:' As soon as you say that you are in the name of punishment, if you can't finish it, you will be punished with this cup. "
Translated, people in the Han Dynasty want to have a drink after drinking wine. After drinking, they will turn the cup upside down for others to see. If they don't finish drinking, they will be punished. In fact, this is very similar to many people drinking in modern times. They never talk about what they can do. Drinking to death is not enough. People don't think about how much you drink or your health. He asked you to run and finish the task after drinking, so it's not his problem to consider whether you are sick or not.
It is said that alcohol hurts the liver, so drinking it like this can't be healthy. Take the emperor of the Han Dynasty as an example. Both Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty and Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty died of binge drinking, so the binge drinking culture of Han Dynasty naturally had to bear a cauldron.
Third, snobs on the wine table.
China has been in a hierarchical society for a long time. As long as the level is higher, it can often crush people. On the wine table, people tend to flatter their superiors and despise their subordinates. If it is a subordinate, toasting the leader is the top priority; If you are a leader, get a sense of superiority from the flattering wishes of your subordinates. In the Han Dynasty, this hypocritical wine table culture once existed widely.
At banquets in the Han Dynasty, there were not only strict rules on the order of going in and out, the direction of sitting, the types of food and the methods of banquet, but even who had the final say when. It just reflects the differences in seniority, seniority and status.
In the process of drinking in Han dynasty, people usually kneel and press their feet with their arms, so their knees are outward. If you salute others, your upper body will stand up straight and your knees will sit. It's called a knee pad. However, if someone drinks for me, you should avoid the table, that is, leave the table and thank them as a sign of respect.
In the Biography of Historical Records and Andrew West, such a story reflecting the coldness of the world was recorded. At that time, the Prime Minister, the hot prince's maternal uncle and Wu 'an Hou Tianfen gave a banquet at home, and Wei and retired officers were present. Compared with Tian Fen, Dou Ying, the former imperial concubine, has lost power and influence.
The article records: "Guanfu began to drink, and went to Wu' an, Wu' an knee pad." The so-called wine is to get up and take turns toasting with the guests present. Because the position of Tian fen is the highest, I responded with a knee pad. When Jennifer Tian got up to propose a toast to other colleagues, everyone scrambled to get down on the ground. However, when Dou Ying, Marquis of Wei Qi, was drinking, except in the past, everyone else arrogantly made a half-knee seat, that is, leaning forward slightly.
Seeing the arrogance of his colleagues, Dou Ying's friend Guan Fu was very angry. "Guanfu started drinking, and went to Wu 'an, where he knelt for a day:' I couldn't get full of clothes, but I was angry with laughter.' "General, you are a noble person, so it's over," Wu 'an refused. "It turned out that the irrigator wanted to teach the nouveau riche a lesson, so he drank a full cup. However, Tian fen proudly said, "I can't drink!" " So the irrigator became even more angry, regardless of his superiors, and forced the field powder to finish.
Later, Guan Fu got drunk and cursed his colleagues at the party, which offended everyone from top to bottom. Tian Fen used this as an excuse to arrest Guan Fu. In order to protect him, Dou Ying was forced to confront Tian Fen. Because Dou Ying's power and descendants were not as good as Tian Fen's, he and Guan Fu were both destroyed.
This life-threatening banquet shows the indifference of the world, and the deep-rooted servility and hierarchy of China people are reflected. In fact, in modern banquets, isn't it? When the leader toasts himself, the subordinates always respectfully raise their glasses and bow with their hands, for fear that the leader will be unhappy; When subordinates toast themselves, they often put on an arrogant look. For those people with low status and unpopularity, the people on the wine table dare not avoid it, and they are simply ugly.
Fourth, drown your sorrows in wine.
Of all the ugly wine cultures, binge drinking may be the most serious, sometimes leading to crime. After all, alcohol can easily make people lose their minds. Among the cultural relics of Han bamboo slips in Juyan, there are such a number of bamboo slips:
These bamboo slips simply narrate a story of hurting people after drinking. At Fort Juyan, a "guest" went to the military camp to find someone to drink. Yuan Xian, a captain, and Xia Houdun, a captain, were invited to dinner. Obviously, these three people have violated the rule that "three people are not allowed to drink together for no reason".
But something more serious happened. Yuan Xian suddenly lost his mind and stabbed Xia Houdun with his sword, causing serious chest injuries and visible bones. Afraid of being punished, he stole weapons and rations from the barracks and galloped away on horseback. Compared with the records of dignitaries in history books, this bamboo slip can better reflect the details of social life.
In the Han dynasty, when the people were martial, many people would travel with swords. If you drink alcohol, it's easy to go crazy and even hurt people. It can be seen that the stipulation that collective drinking is not allowed in the Han Dynasty is well-intentioned. If there is a bloody battle because of drinking, it will not be worth the loss. Therefore, the ancients often regarded not being drunk on the road as a good performance of social security.
In modern times, many people go crazy and fight with alcohol. For example, the Liu Hailong brother who was killed last year is a typical drunk wounding. If it's not drinking, how dare he cut people in public? Of course, the end result is good. Liu Hailong was killed. Xia Houdun, however, was not so lucky. He didn't win Yuan Xian's sword and was seriously injured. With the medical conditions at that time, I'm afraid he was running out of luck.
Where there are people, there are rivers and lakes, and where there are people from China, there are banquets. Drinking is a happy thing, which can make people feel happy, forget their troubles and make friends. Even for the sake of health, drinking a little wine is good. However, when interests are mixed with wine, the wine field will become a vanity fair, and the drinkers inside will become ugly. They used wine as a medium, hoping to gain power, money, beauty and even a little vanity, and finally drank stagger and lost their manners. Is it worth it?