The emergence of MPA education is closely related to the development of public administration (or management). Public management, as a kind of professional education, came into being in Germany in the18th century, and trained specialized management talents to meet the needs of Prussia's national management and economic development at that time. But it is the United States that put public management into practice as a professional degree education.
As early as the beginning of19th century, the United States began to brew public administration or management education. By 1887, Wilson published his paper "Research on Administration", which is generally regarded by academic circles as the beginning of American public administration education. 19 1 1 year, the "Public Service Training School" was established in new york, USA, which trained staff for the new york Research Bureau and inspired a large number of universities to offer public management courses. 1924, the public service training school moved to Syracuse University, merged with the newly established Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, and launched the first MPA project of BB America to establish a comprehensive education and training course in the field of public administration.
Following the initiation of MPA education by Syracuse University, Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University and Wood Wilson School of International Affairs of Princeton University also launched MPA education programs in 1930s and 1940s to carry out MPA education and training. MPA education in the United States has a history of 80 years since the American public service training school.
Second, the development process of MPA
1. the development of MPA education in the United States
The development of MPA in the United States can be divided into three stages:
(1) The establishment and development period was before the 1950s.
During this period, the development of public management education in universities was slow. By 1960, only 50 universities in the United States offer courses in public administration or management.
(2) The 1960s and early 1970s were periods of rapid development.
During this period, due to the increasing demand of American governments at all levels for civil servants' vocational training, the teaching of public administration courses in universities began to develop rapidly. By 1973, there are10/institutions in the United States offering public management courses. Diversification is a remarkable feature of American MPA education in this period.
(3) After 1970s, American MPA education entered a period of standardized development.
During this period, with the continuous expansion of the scale of MPA education, by 1995, the number of institutions offering MPA education in the United States has grown to 232. The main feature of MPA education in this period is that related colleges and universities began to strengthen contact and learn from each other, and established a unified M PA curriculum standard.
From 65438 to 0978, the National Association of Administrative Colleges and Universities (NA SPAA) was established, which was composed of all institutions providing MPA education. The Association has set up an academic committee to determine the common or core curriculum of MPA education. The academic committee of the Federation also regularly evaluates the MPA education of its member institutions. The evaluation results were published by US News and World Report, which is the ranking of American MPA educational institutions. There are three kinds of evaluation results: qualified, unqualified and improved within a time limit. This result not only has social influence, but also has been recognized by the government. Those who fail will lose the right to continue to hold MPA education, and those who improve within a time limit will stop enrolling students for one year and reserve their qualifications for re-evaluation.
2. Development of 2.MPA in China
Starting from 1998, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee Office, together with the Civil Service Administration Department of the Ministry of Personnel, began to organize experts to study and demonstrate the necessity and feasibility of setting up and piloting the professional degree of Master of Public Administration (MPA) in China, and to inspect the cultivation of high-level talents in public administration in Europe and America. 1999 In May, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee deliberated and adopted the Master of Public Administration (MPA) program and its explanation at its17th meeting.
In August, 2000, the Office of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee issued the Notice on Launching the Pilot Work of MPA, and approved 24 universities including Peking University and Tsinghua University as the first batch of MPA training pilot units. In order to promote the smooth development of public administration master's degree education, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Personnel decided to set up a national steering committee for public administration master's degree education.
At the17th meeting, the State Council Academic Degrees Committee deliberated and adopted the Program for Setting Master's Degree in Public Administration, pointing out that according to the requirements of modernization, scientificalness and specialization of social public management under the new situation, the master's degree in public administration is specially set up to establish a public management system with efficient operation and standardized behavior that meets the needs of the socialist market economy. Improve the training system for national public affairs and administrative management cadres, and build a team of high-quality professional national public affairs and administrative management cadres.
China MPA started enrolling students from 200 1. At present, there are 100 MPA enrollment and training institutions (including those newly approved this year) in China, with more than 36,000 MPA graduate students studying and about to graduate.
The personnel department and relevant departments attach importance to MPA work.
With the rapid development of China's economy and society, it is necessary to cultivate a high-quality and professional public management team, especially the administrative management team, in order to establish and improve a public management system with high efficiency, coordinated operation and standardized behavior, and promote the modernization, scientificity and specialization of public management. Therefore, the Ministry of Personnel and relevant departments attach great importance to MPA work.
1.In 2004, the Ministry of Personnel issued the document [2004] No.60, Notice of the Ministry of Personnel on Issues Related to Civil Servants Studying for MPA. The circular requires that "all localities and departments should actively create conditions to encourage civil servants to pursue a master's degree in public administration on the job",
2. In 2005, the Ministry of Personnel issued a document again (Guo Ban Fa [2005] No.29) "Notice on Training the Core Contents of Public Management among Civil Servants in China". The circular requires that civil servants be trained in the core content of public management.
3. In March 2006, Wu, Vice Minister of Education, on behalf of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee and the Ministry of Education, announced that MPA education in China had been successfully completed and officially implemented, and made a report on "actively developing master's degree education in public administration and cultivating a large number of high-level and applied public management talents".
4. In 2007, the Ministry of Personnel issued the 11th Five-Year Plan for the Education and Training of Personnel Cadres (No.20 [2007] of the Ministry of Personnel). The circular calls for targeted degree education. Encourage personnel cadres to participate in academic degree education and MPA professional degree education related to their own jobs based on the principle of consistency between work needs and learning, further improve the academic degree structure and professional knowledge structure of personnel cadres, and cultivate high-level and compound talents for personnel departments. By 20 10, the proportion of personnel cadres below the city (prefecture) with bachelor's degree or above will reach 70%.
The first batch of 24 MPA pilot colleges:
Peking University, China Renmin University, Tsinghua University, Beihang University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing Normal University, Tianjin University, Northeastern University, Jilin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Fudan University, Tongji University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, East China Normal University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, China University of Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, National University of Defense Technology, Xi Jiaotong University.
A new batch of MPA training units in 2003
Shandong University, Sichuan University, Xiangtan University, Chongqing University, Lanzhou University, Northwest University, Nankai University, Yunnan University, Nanchang University, Zhengzhou University, Hunan University, Suzhou University, South China University of Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Shanxi University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Guangxi Normal University, Anhui University, Central South University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Inner Mongolia University, Xinjiang University, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Hefei University of Technology.
Third, the characteristics of MPA degree
MPA professional degree is at the same level as other master's degrees in management, but the types are different and the emphasis is different. There are specific requirements and quality standards in training objectives, enrollment targets, curriculum, training methods, knowledge structure and ability structure, which are different from the training requirements of teaching and scientific research talents and emphasize the implementation of professional degree education directly facing the field of public management. For example, students should have some practical experience; Teaching emphasizes case teaching and practice teaching, and pays attention to applying what you have learned; Dissertations mainly appear in the form of high-level research reports, case analysis reports, project planning, and countermeasures for public management problems. In short, it focuses on the cultivation and training of practical public management ability.
Four, the type of MPA
MPA is a master of public administration.
1, the certificate is tested in the annual 10 exam, and the MPA certificate is easier to test than the double certificate. Its examination subjects: the certificate has comprehensive knowledge of public administration English (Chinese, mathematics, logic) and political theory, with a total score of 350 points. The document is a degree certificate.
From 20 16, the on-the-job entrance examination of 10 was cancelled and unified into the examination of 10.
2, the double certificate is taken at 1 every year. Double certificate has English and comprehensive knowledge (Chinese, mathematics, logic) political theory, with a total score of 300 points. Double certificate degree diploma.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) What can you get by reading MPA?
Master of Public Administration is a professional degree education for public administrators, which trains advanced, compound and applied professionals engaged in public affairs, public management and public policy, and trains professional managers and policy analysts with modern public management theory and public policy literacy, advanced analytical methods and technologies and proficiency in a specific policy field for government departments and non-government public institutions. MPA will become an important way to train civil servants in China.
Sixth, with what mentality to learn MPA?
Judging from the current situation, the education level of civil servants in China is not high as a whole. According to the statistics at the end of 1999, among 54 100 civil servants in China, only about 52% have college education or above. At the same time, the knowledge structure is not reasonable, even those who have received higher education are mostly single professional education, and modern administrative knowledge, especially the knowledge of finance, taxation, finance, law and macro-decision-making ability required by market economy, is generally weak.
Judging from the current situation in China, public management of job hunting and learning MPA have no direct practical significance. However, according to the development needs of the modern administration of the national government, having a high knowledge of public administration is conducive to conforming to the development trend of national administration; MPA education is a strong proof of academic qualifications to improve the management talent team of government civil servants with higher education.
Seven, who is suitable for reading MPA?
MPA professional degree is not only for the on-the-job staff of government departments and government public management institutions, but also for the staff of non-government departments and non-government public management institutions, including qualified applicants from all walks of life. Because MPA professional degree is not only government management, but also involves the management of some large enterprises with strong regulation. There are also civil aviation, railways, transportation, large enterprises, national defense and military enterprises, all of which have management problems. Therefore, MPA professional degrees all over the world do not exclude people from non-governmental public administration from applying for the exam, because on the one hand, they need to learn and master these knowledge and skills, which is the need of work; On the other hand, it also provides opportunities for some of them who are interested in government management and public management. They can participate in social recruitment and look for new job opportunities.