(A) an overview of educational purposes

1. Definition:

General quality standards and specifications for training talents in educational activities.

2. Status

It is the core, foundation, starting point and destination of the whole educational work.

3. Function:

Guidance, supervision and evaluation. General quality standards and specifications for training talents in educational activities.

4. Types of educational purposes

The purpose of social education: the general requirements of society for the education system require that education serve certain social politics, economy, culture and its development.

② The purpose of personal education: to promote individual physical and mental development, and to require education to serve the overall development of individuals.

5. The concept of close educational purpose

① Educational purpose: to cultivate people's overall quality standards and specifications.

② Educational objectives: specific requirements of different nature and levels.

③ Education policy: the policy expression of educational purpose, which is prescriptive and mandatory.

④ Educational activities:

Broad sense: all activities that can convey human life experience and spiritual culture.

Narrow sense: Educators should have a clear understanding of the purpose of education.

(B) the theory of all-round development of human beings

1. The origin and development of the theory of man's all-round development

Plato: Reason, Passion and Desire

Aristotle: Irrational Soul (Instinct, Feeling, Desire)

The soul of reason (thinking, understanding and cognition)

/kloc-enlightenment in the 0/8th century: the possibility of man's all-round development (through the comparison between man and animals)

/kloc-utopian socialism in the 0/9th century: Saint-Simon, Fourier, Irving

German classical philosophy: Hegel

1920s: philosophical anthropology "complete man"

2. Marx believes that the essential connotation of people's all-round development:

Human beings and all members of their society develop all their strengths and talents in a comprehensive and free way.

Personality freedom and all-round development are the soul of Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings.

3. Develop education in an all-round way

Germination: Athens

Characters: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (putting forward moral, intellectual and physical beauty)

Cultivate the children of the ruling class into soldiers, politicians and businessmen with various talents and eloquence.

That is, "both body and mind are beautiful and good."

Development: Renaissance

Characters: Comenius (pan-intellectual education), Locke, Rousseau, Owen, Spencer

Humanist educators demand a new education for teenagers' physical and mental development.

Mature-modern

Character: ushinski-puts forward the importance of labor.

Marx-The intellectual and physical strength of workers should be developed.

5. At this stage, the basic spirit of China's educational purpose is:

(1) The people required to be trained are builders and successors of the socialist cause, and they should adhere to the unity of political, ideological and moral qualities and scientific and cultural knowledge and ability;

(2) Students are required to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way and adhere to the harmonious development of body and mind;

(3) Adapt to the requirements of the times, emphasize the development of students' personality, and cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability.

(C) the purpose of education in China

1. The development and evolution of educational goals in China

① Ancient times: training "scholars", "gentlemen" and "saints"

② Late Qing Dynasty: "Middle School as the Body, Western Learning as the Application"

③ 19 12: Cai Yuanpei's Cultivating People with Sound Personality in the Republic.

④ After the socialist transformation: moral education, intellectual education and physical education develop together.

⑤20 15 Educational goal "Education must serve the socialist modernization and the people, and must be combined with productive labor and social practice to cultivate socialist builders and successors with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty." "Education should adhere to moral education, strengthen the education of socialist core values for the educated, and enhance their sense of social responsibility, innovative spirit and practical ability."

2. China's thoughts on the purpose of education.

(1) Highlight "People-oriented"

(2) The cultivation of Tao highlights the unity of knowing and doing.

③ Emphasize the cultivation of creative ability.

3. Components of China's educational goals

Moral education, intellectual education, physical education, aesthetic education and labor education

4. Moral education content:

Ideal and belief education

Education of socialist core values

Excellent Traditional Culture Education in China

Ecological civilization education

Mental health education

5. The function of moral education

(1) The social function of moral education. Can play an objective role in social development.

(2) The individual function of moral education. The actual influence on the individual development of moral education objects.

(3) The educational function of moral education.

6. The significance and necessity of intellectual education

First of all, we should cultivate people's wisdom through education. There are two ways to inherit the achievements of human wisdom: ① objective or material form, ② subjective, that is, the mind of human subject.

7. The task of intellectual education: imparting knowledge to form skills and developing intelligence.

8. The function of aesthetic education: direct (aesthetic education), indirect (incidental) and transcendental (aesthetic education) transcend real life to form the interest in life and the pursuit of educational aesthetic spirit.

9. The task of aesthetic education: ① the ability to feel beauty; ② Aesthetic ability; ③ Ability to express beauty; ④ Ability to create beauty; ⑤ The ability to pursue life interest and ideal realm.

10. Basic characteristics of school physical education: education, skill and entertainment.

1 1. Functions of school physical education: fitness, education and entertainment.

12.4. The task of sports

(1) Enhance students' physique and promote their normal development.

(2) Improve sports literacy and impart necessary knowledge and skills.

(3) Cultivate interest in sports and form a good spiritual quality.

13. Definition of labor education: an educational activity that enables young people to acquire correct labor concepts, habits, emotions and spirits, understand and master labor and life skills, and pursue happiness in labor.

14. The main objectives of labor education

That is to say, through labor education, we can improve the labor literacy of primary and secondary school students, promote them to form good labor habits and structured labor attitudes, make them understand the truth that "life depends on labor creation, and life depends on labor creation", cultivate their spirit of diligent study, conscious labor and courage to create, and lay the foundation for their lifelong development and happiness in life.

Principles of labor education.

① Insist on ideological guidance; ② Insist on organic integration; ③ Persist in practical experience; ④ Insist on appropriateness.

16. Forms of labor education

① Implement related courses (labor concept and skills training)

② Carry out campus labor (campus sanitation and beautification)

③ Experience and practice in organizing off-campus labor (industry, service industry, etc.). )

④ Encourage housework.

17. We should pay attention to:

① Cultivate creative spirit, practical ability, open thinking and lofty ideals.

2. Five relationships that should be handled well in the implementation of educational goals:

(1) aims and objectives of education

(2) The relationship between moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic education.

③ the relationship between all-round development and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

④ the relationship between all-round development and career orientation

⑤ The exploration road to promote people's all-round development.

Chapter VI Curriculum

Course overview

1. Course (China)

Curriculum is the experience gained by the educated in teaching activities under the guidance of educators.

Curriculum is knowledge, curriculum is experience and curriculum is activity.

2. Theoretical basis of the course:

(1) Curriculum theory and philosophy (philosophy has the longest and deepest influence on curriculum)

(2) Curriculum theory and psychology (which can be traced back to Aristotle's soul theory at the earliest)

(3) Curriculum theory and teaching theory (teaching theory becomes the theory of curriculum theory)

3. Determine the basic relationship of the course

(1) direct experience and indirect experience (Dewey)

(2) Knowledge and ability

(3) Division and synthesis

(4) Humanism and Scientism

(b) General types of courses

1. Course objective (level): Bloom (USA): cognitive field, emotional field, motor skill field.

2. Course objectives (vertical)

(1) The overall goal of the course-educational purpose.

(2) Subject (field) curriculum objectives.

(3) Course objectives (one class)

3. Overall structure of the course

(1) Teaching plan (course plan)

(2) syllabus (curriculum standard)

(3) Textbooks

4. Teaching materials

Textbooks, referred to as textbooks for short, are teaching books that systematically expound the subject content according to the syllabus, and are the concretization of the syllabus.

curriculum design

1. Taylor's curriculum design mode

First, what kind of educational goals should schools achieve?

Second, what educational experience can be provided to achieve these goals?

Third, how to organize these educational experiences effectively?

Fourthly, how can we ensure that these goals are being achieved?

Chapter VII Teaching (1)

(A) the concept and significance of teaching

1. The significance of teaching: the basic way of school education is the center of school work.

2. Teaching tasks:

(1) Teaching and learning the basic scientific knowledge and skills of the system.

(2) On this basis, develop students' intelligence and physical strength.

(3) Cultivate students' communist world outlook and moral quality in this activity.

(B) the nature and mode of teaching activities

1. The essence of teaching activities: a cognitive activity

2. Teaching activity is a special cognitive way.

① The process of educational cognition is the process of students' cognition.

② The process of educational cognition is an indirect process.

③ The cognitive process of education is a cognitive process led by teachers.

④ The process of educational cognition is an educational cognitive process.

3. Different views on the nature of teaching activities: it is a basic view on the process of students' physical and mental development (development theory), a special practical process (practice theory), and a combination of various factors in teaching activities in a relatively stable way.

4. Types of teaching mode:

(1) The mode of teachers and students systematically imparting and learning book knowledge

Inducing learning motivation-understanding new textbooks-consolidating knowledge-checking

(2) Teachers help students learn independently from activities.

Set the problem-identify the problem-draw up the plan-implement the plan-summarize the evaluation.

(3) This teaching mode is somewhere in between.

(3) Teaching principles

1. zankov's teaching principle system (developmental teaching): promote students' all-round development with the greatest teaching effect possible.

2. Rogers' teaching principle system (humanistic teaching)

(1) for students

(2) Let students learn spontaneously.

(3) Eliminate the threat to learners themselves.

(4) Give students a sense of security

3. Bruner's teaching principle system (discovery teaching): Bruner emphasizes discovery learning.

4. Class teaching system: the most common form of teaching organization.

5. The main characteristics of class teaching system: class, class and time.

6. Reform of teaching organization form

(1) Hierarchical teaching

(2) Group cooperative learning

(3) Small class teaching (15~25)

(4) compound teaching

7. China's primary and secondary school teaching principle system (and its implementation requirements)

(1) intuitive principle

(2) Heuristic principle

(3) Systematic principle (step by step principle)

(4) the principle of merger

⑤ Ability principle (acceptability principle)

(6) the principle of integrating theory with practice

(7) the principle of ideological and scientific unity

(8) The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

8. Evaluation of classroom teaching system

Superiority:

(1) High efficiency and one-to-many make it possible to popularize education.

(2) It is convenient for planned teaching activities and teaching step by step;

(3) According to the age, the level is close, which is beneficial to their mutual communication and inspiration. limit

(1) is not conducive to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

(2) It is not conducive to students' subjectivity.

(3) The teaching content is fixed and lacks flexibility.

(4) It is not conducive to the development of students in many aspects.

(5) Students are responsible for teachers and have difficulty in communication.