The meaning of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is usually understood as "cause" and "basis"; "material": "qualification"; "Shi": "Apply"; "teaching": "education". Pointers give different education according to learners' interests and abilities. Quoting Song's words from the Analects of Confucius and Zhu's Notes on Filial Piety: "Ziyou can be promoted or lost, but it can be more or less gentle, which varies with its material and has its own losses."
However, some people think that the meaning of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is not "educating students in different places because of interest and ability", but "restraining excessive behavior, excessive thinking and excessive talent, and at the same time making up for insufficient needs", that is, "going too far is not enough" and "the golden mean". For example, in The Analects of Confucius, we can see that Confucius lamented that Yan Hui lacked "courage" and did not criticize the teacher's fault in time; At the same time, he repeatedly criticized Lutz for being too brave and unworthy.
For thousands of years, "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", as an educational idea or ideal, has always been respected by people, especially our predecessors who engaged in education, and has been practiced in "private school education". However, until today, there has not really been a "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, teaching without distinction!" The education system or educational system runs counter to the school education system of "institutionalized education" and "unified education" widely implemented today, and it runs counter to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". Therefore, today, some people simply summarize personalized education as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" according to their unique personality, which is actually a return of educational philosophy.
Obviously, the concept of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is understandable, widely accepted and even highly respected if it is only an educational thought, idea and ideal. However, if we take it as a concept and criterion to guide the construction and implementation of educational practice, it is too simple, general and lack of maneuverability.
limit
Simply understanding personalized education as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude according to their unique personality" has at least the following limitations:
First of all, education is only based on children's unique personality, which has certain limitations. This idea puts forward that education should be based on children's unique personality, rather than ignoring children's personality, which is a challenge to the educational system of modularity, sameness and neglect of students' personality in school education, and has progressive and practical significance. However, is it reasonable to implement education only according to children's unique personality? Is it just science? Obviously not reasonable enough, not scientific enough. The unique personality of children emphasized in this definition refers to personality characteristics including people's thoughts, attitudes, interests, temperament, potential, philosophy of life, physique and physiology. However, people are social. As a member of the society, people have influenced and changed the society in different aspects and degrees, and at the same time they have to adapt to the development and changes of the society. At the same time, people are also interested Everyone is in a certain interest relationship. Children's education is closely related to national interests, ethnic interests, social interests, family interests, family interests and personal interests. Therefore, the prerequisite of personalized education should not only consider children's personal potential characteristics and self-worth tendency (that is, children's unique personality characteristics). At the same time, we must also take into account the changes in children's social environment and future social development trends, as well as the goals, requirements, expectations and needs of stakeholders (parents or guardians of children). If these factors are not considered at the same time, the so-called teaching students in accordance with their aptitude will not work.
Secondly, "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" has its own uncertainty, fuzziness or contradiction. "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" refers to understanding and mastering the characteristics of children's personality potential, and its subject seems to refer to children, while "teaching" refers to implementing education or carrying out educational and teaching activities, and its subject seems to refer to teachers; "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" can be understood as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" with children as the main body of education and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" with teachers as the main body of education. Therefore, the subject of education advocated by "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is vague, uncertain and ambiguous.
Thirdly, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude includes two key links: teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. But how to teach students in accordance with their aptitude? How to "teach"? Who will teach? What does teaching teach? If we want to create a specific education system, run a school or directly educate a student according to the guidance of this concept, it is obviously just the "concept" itself, lacking guidance and operability, which is inconsistent with the practicality and enthusiasm of education.
It is precisely because of these defects and shortcomings of the theory of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" that it is one-sided and unscientific to simply understand individualized education as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and cannot be used as a conceptual explanation and scientific definition of "individualized education". The theory of "personality education" was put forward by the psychological school. Some psychologists define personality education as: the so-called personality education is the education to carry forward, develop and optimize students' unique personality. There are many definitions of this view, but in general, the meaning is similar. A similar definition is as follows:
Personalized education is to let students have personality, help students explore, form and develop personality, and let students' personality be fully developed. It is educators who admit that students have individual differences in social background, knowledge background, attitudes and values, emotions and physiology, so that they can both "teach students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teach students in accordance with their aptitude" so that every student can get an all-round education.
The essence of personalized education is based on the personality differences of the educated, so that every student can find a unique field in which his personality can develop, with the goal of full development and sound personality.
The so-called personalized education is an education that promotes students' unique personality. It is an education that promotes the independent, harmonious and dynamic development of the physical quality, intelligence, activity ability, moral quality and emotional will of the educated as much as possible on the basis of discovering and respecting the existing personality and favorable material conditions of the educated, and finally forms a good personality.
The so-called personalized education means paying full attention to students' differences, acknowledging their differences in intelligence, social background, emotion and physiology, understanding their interests, hobbies and specialties, and teaching them according to their aptitude according to social requirements, so that they can develop and oppose the stereotyped education.
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These ideas of personalized education emphasize the development of students' personality, rather than mass production education that ignores students' personality. These concepts are also mainly put forward for the education that ignores students' personality under the current class teaching system and unified education system. However, "individuality" is an objective, factual and natural existence of human beings. It is obviously limited to boil down the educational purpose to developing "individuality" and equate "individualized education" with "individualized education".
Therefore, the theory of "personalized education" is a one-sided explanation or even misunderstanding of the concept of personalized education, and cannot be used as a scientific definition of personalized education. Some educators who are engaged in extracurricular tutoring and counseling services define personalized education as: personalized education is one-on-one education, or one-on-one personalized counseling education.
This definition takes some educational methods and teaching organization forms of personalized education (such as one-to-one and many-to-one) as the definition of personalized education, which is intentionally or unintentionally misleading. This concept is mainly aimed at the systematic defects of school education and put forward according to the teaching methods of grades and classes, and its essence is consistent with school education. Not to develop and optimize students' personality, but to improve students' test scores and scores. Its educational purpose is to put more emphasis on "exam-oriented education" and it is the actual operator of "exam-oriented education" and "utilitarian education". Their fundamental purpose is to improve students' academic performance in a short time through the so-called "one-on-one", "many-on-one" and "personalized education", and to obtain commercial profits through some opportunistic educational and teaching measures.
Therefore, it is even more undesirable to simply understand personalized education as "one-on-one education", or as long as "one-on-one" or "many-on-one" personalized counseling is personalized education. Carol, a famous American scholar, defines personalized education as: personalized education is a balance between learners' personality characteristics and learning environment, that is, a reasonable match between learners' personality characteristics and knowledge, concepts, behaviors, learning environment, incentive system and acquired skills, which is a continuous process.
This definition reasonably expounds the organizational process of personalized education, and is put forward in view of the systematic defects in school education or institutionalized education system, such as artificially limiting the number of years of study and artificially solidifying the learning content and educational process. However, this definition is limited to the description of the implementation methods, means and process of implementing personalized education, and lacks a comprehensive explanation of educational premise, educational purpose and specific operating system.