Because of the terrain, building the Great Wall is an important experience, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle from the inside, thus achieving the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.
On June 25th, 20001year, the Great Wall, as an ancient building from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "Neiguan" Great Wall, based on the Northern Qi Dynasty, starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan in the east, enters Hebei, then turns to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan directly, and then reaches Huairou Siguan from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, showing a general north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area!
The Great Wall lies in the north of China. It starts from Yalu River in the east and reaches Jiayuguan in the inland area of Gansu in the west. It runs through 9 provinces, cities and autonomous regions such as Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of about 885 1.8km and a length of about 17703.6 Li, and is known as the "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the world.
It criss-crosses the east, west, north and south, and stretches on the vast land of our great motherland. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the vast sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. At present, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. Among them, the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone reaches 3 Vandory.
The beginning and end of the Great Wall
According to historical documents, there are three dynasties where the Great Wall is more than 5,000 kilometers: First, the Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east, was built by Qin Shihuang; Second, the Great Wall and beacon towers built in the Han Dynasty, with a total length of more than 10000 kilometers, from Xinjiang in the west to Liaodong in the east; 3. Jiayuguan in the west and the Great Wall along the Yalu River in the east, built in the Ming Dynasty, with a total length of 8851.8km (revised in 2009). If you add up the Great Wall built in different periods, it will be more than 50,000 kilometers. These Great Wall sites are distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions/kloc-0. Among them, only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1.5 million kilometers of sites. Followed by the Great Wall of Gansu.
Because of its long history, most of the early Great Wall was incomplete, and now the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty is relatively complete. So when people talk about the Great Wall, they mainly refer to the Ming Great Wall. The length of the Great Wall also indicates the length of the Great Wall, from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east.
Great Wall Pass Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Yumenguan, Jingxingguan, Niangziguan, Yanmenguan, Piantouguan, Pingxingguan, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Yulin, Huangyaguan, Waqiaoguan, Hushan Great Wall, Raven Pass, Niuzhuang City, fenshuiguan, Ningyuan City, Yangguan and Pingding. Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangfangbaoguan, Shuikouguan, Zijingguan, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandaoguan, damao mountain, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkouguan, Baiyangyuguan, Qingshan Pass, tiemenguan, Panjiakou, Longjingguan, Hongshankou, Shangguan and Changyukou. Lupiguan, Hefanggou, Lianhuachiguan, Huanghua Chengguan, Qiaodaokou, Jiukonglou, Sihai Estuary, Juyansai Old Town, Gill Sai, Gaoquesai, Datong, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuo Pass, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ning Wuguan, Liminbaokou, Shengshengkou, Zhenhongbaokou, Pingping. Refuse to be a wall fort, refuse to be a door fort, Fuma Fort, Broken Road Fort, Security Fort, Luning Fort, Broken Tiger Fort, Residual Tiger Fort, Ma Bao Fort, Marble Fort, Shaojia Fort, Dahe Fort, Defeated Tiger Fort, Ying 'en Fort, Blocked Tiger Fort, General Huibao, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou Fort and Tiger Fort.
The history of the great wall
The Great Wall in northern China began in Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period.
The reasons why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north.
Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. The Warring States period is a period of transition from slave society to feudal society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China. With the strengthening of political and economic ties between countries, the exchange and integration between Zhu Xia culture and Qin, Chu and Wu-Yue cultures has become increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia gradually became stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin, there are Yiqu and Xiongnu in the north; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. Donghu, the northern boundary of Yan State. These northern minority regimes, apart from engaging in agriculture, make a living by nomadic and hunting. Yiqu is a powerful country on the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China. It fought with Qin for more than one hundred years from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Xiongnu, Donghu and other nomadic peoples have high military quality and strong combat capability. According to historical records? Biography of Xiongnu records that Huns live by nomadic and hunting, with horses, cattle and sheep as the most livestock, followed by camels, donkeys and mules. They "migrate by water plants and don't have to live in the city to farm." However, there are also points. "Men learned to ride horses and shoot at an early age." Children can ride sheep and shoot birds and mice with bows; If it grows less, it will shoot foxes and rabbits; Use it to make food. Therefore, once you are an adult, you will become a "rider". "During the Warring States period, the Huns had entered the slave society and had state power institutions. The king is called Khan, and there are left and right sages, left and right kings, left and right generals, left and right commanders, left and right leaders, and left and right leaders. Except for the right and left ministers, all the other ministers are hereditary. Donghu, Hu Lin, Huaneng and Loufan are basically the same as Xiongnu.
Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the mid-Warring States period, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the Huns and Donghu people from attacking and plundering. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.
Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.
In the 19th year of Zhao Wuling (307 BC), he began to reform the military system and carried out riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling traveled west to the lakeside and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin surrendered his horse before returning home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach the Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.
Yan State is the weakest country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but it was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "
To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to defend against Xiongnu and Donghu from the south.
The Great Wall developed from cities and castles. As a military defense project, cities and fortresses began as early as the end of the primitive commune. Because it can play an effective defensive role, it has developed in general since it entered the class society. The Great Wall first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, such as Fangcheng of Chu State (in the present Nanyang area of Henan Province). During the Warring States Period, there were the Great Wall of Weixi County, the Great Wall of Zhangzhao Water, the Great Wall of Zhongshan West, the Great Wall of Yanyi Water and the Great Wall of Taishan Mountain. These Great Walls once played a great role in the war. The swift cavalry of nomadic people in the north is unpredictable, and no country can stop their attack and plunder, whether it is infantry or cavalry. Only by building the Great Wall and garrison defense can they be prevented from plundering south.
Second, the value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan
What role did the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan play in the war as a military defense project? There are few records about its function, especially Qin Changcheng and Yan Changcheng, and even fewer records about Zhao Changcheng. Does this mean that they have no effect? No, on the contrary, it just shows that after the Three Kingdoms built the Great Wall, Xiongnu and Donghu did not cross the Great Wall and swept the south. The Great Wall played an important role in military defense.
As we all know, the Wang Zhao period was one of the fastest periods for the territory expansion of Qin State. If the Great Wall had not been built in the north, Qin would have sent troops to guard the important passages and passes in the north to prevent the powerful Xiongnu from plundering the south. How can we deploy an army to constantly defeat the allied forces of the six countries and occupy a large area of land in the six countries? Visible, after the completion of Qin Changcheng, only need a small number of troops stationed, can stop the huns south. If the Xiongnu army goes south, it will not be easy to break for a while because of the Great Wall defense; Xianyang and Qin Dou are not far from here, and they can be rescued in one day and one night or two or three days and three nights. Therefore, the Huns dared not go south and failed to recruit themselves. In a word, since King Qin Zhao built the Great Wall, the Huns have never plundered south again, which just shows the military defense function of the Great Wall.
As for Zhao Great Wall, it was built at the foot of Yinshan Mountain (now southeast of Daqingshan and Wulashan), with poor quality and close to Xiongnu, so it was often attacked by Xiongnu troops at first. Although Zhao sent troops to defend and took the initiative to go out of the city to fight, he was defeated repeatedly. During the reign of Zhao Daoxiang (224-236 BC), Zhao's frontier defense was defeated by Xiongnu, and the north was tight, so he sent general Li Mu to the Great Wall to lead the army to defend it. The loss of Wang Xiang gave Li Mu the privilege of cheap appointment and dismissal of subordinate officials, and handed over the business tax and land tax in Yunzhong, Yanmen and northern Dai Jun to Li Mu for military expenditure. Li Mu headquarters is located under the North Great Wall in Yanmen County, so as to give consideration to both things. He is very kind to soldiers, killing a few cows every day to improve food; He ordered the army: "When the Huns came to plunder, all soldiers immediately entered the Great Wall with cattle, horses and sheep, and whoever dared to catch them would be beheaded!" Every time the Huns invaded, because of the tight firepower and knowing the news in advance, the soldiers and civilians of Zhao took livestock into the Great Wall. Xiongnu plundered people, livestock and wealth and had to retreat. A few years later, although the Huns were not defeated, Zhao Jun was not defeated. The Xiongnu and the border people of Zhao thought Li Mu was timid, and the prince of Zhao also blamed Li Mu. And Li Mu remains the same. The king of Zhao was angry and recalled the shepherd to North Korea and replaced him with another general. The new strategy will be to meet the challenge; Every time the Huns came, he led the army to attack and lost several times. For more than a year, soldiers suffered many casualties and could not graze in the north. The prince of Zhao had no choice but to ask Li Mu to defend the Great Wall again. Li Mu goldbrick, overseers, refused to life. Zhao Wang is a strong shepherd. Let the shepherd guard the north. Li Mu said to the prince of Zhao, "Wang Yi wants to use me. I still use the previous strategy. I dare to be ordered only if you agree. " Zhao Wang had to agree. Li Mu arrived at the Great Wall, as before. After several years, the Huns got nothing. In the end, however, I was afraid of Li Mu. Zhao Shoubian's soldiers "are willing to fight every day if they are rewarded or not." Therefore, Li Mu chose 1, 300 chariots, 1, 300 horses, 50,000 soldiers who could defeat the enemy and capture generals, and 1, 000,000 sharpshooters to train and fight. After practice, I will do a lot of animal husbandry. North of the Great Wall, there are people and animals everywhere. When the Huns heard about it, they came to plunder it. Small entry, grazing will fail, and people and animals will be responsible. Khan was overjoyed, so he led his troops south. Li Mu set an ambush in advance, and under the attack of Zhang's left and right wings, he defeated more than 65,438+10,000 people in tarkan. Khan was defeated and fled to the north. After 10 years, the Huns dared not go near the Zhao Great Wall. Zhao defeated the enemy, destroyed East Lake and surrendered. In this way, the northern part of Zhao is very calm and the people live and work in peace and contentment. From here, we can clearly see the great role of Zhao Great Wall in military defense.
At the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty, Xiongnu crossed the Great Wall built by Qin and Meng Tian in the Central Plains War and was bounded by the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period. Due to the disrepair of the Great Wall and the scarcity of defenders in the north, the powerful Xiongnu continued to plunder the Great Wall and went deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shang Jun and Beidi counties. Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi were forced to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. Marry a princess to be E Shi (queen) for Khan and give him a lot of wealth. However, even this dilapidated Great Wall has played a role in military defense to a certain extent. If it weren't for the Xiongnu army, it would be impossible to enter the Great Wall and plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even with the Xiongnu army, they can't enter the Great Wall. Like Li Guang, Cheng Wu is also a famous Great Wall Guardian. He was very strict in running the army and was always on guard against the Huns' surprise attack, which also showed that the Great Wall of the Warring States period played a certain role. Later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, GongSunHe, Gong and others attacked the Huns, all of which were based on Zhao and Qin Changcheng. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period was still playing a military defense role, although its defense ability was much worse than that in the Warring States period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei, restored the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall that the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was abandoned and the military defense function ended.
Third, the historical value and practical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan.
The Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period has important historical value. First of all, it shows that only by building the Great Wall and increasing a certain number of troops can the lightning attack of nomadic cavalry in the north be prevented. Without the Great Wall, even with a large number of infantry and cavalry, it is still impossible to defend. The historical facts of the Warring States period proved this point. Because the Great Wall was an effective military defense project, it was later adopted by Qin Shihuang. After Qin Shihuang expelled Xiongnu to Mobei, he ordered Meng Tian to build a new Great Wall immediately.
Secondly, the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period is quite scientific. It was basically built by taking advantage of the dangerous situation of mountains and rivers. Build tall and thick walls in mountain passes and plains to cut off the entrance and exit of Xiongnu and East Lake cavalry. In addition to the Great Wall, beacon towers have been built at the commanding heights inside and outside, which are used to detect the enemy's situation, deliver news and prepare the defenders on the Great Wall. Barricades will be built at traffic intersections and valleys, and the garrison will strengthen the defense capability of the Great Wall. Within the Great Wall, large cities with garrisons will be built at regular intervals, and communication networks will be set up to deliver news quickly, and unified command and mutual support will be carried out. The Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms and its supporting buildings, such as beacon towers, barriers and city walls, constitute a complete military defense system. This military defense system is scientific and effective. It provides a model for later military defense projects. Although the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian is newly built, it is obvious that he designed it on the basis of referring to the Great Wall buildings of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period, and at the same time, he learned from each other's strong points. For example, he uses mountains and rivers to build cities and obstacles because they are dangerous. He built the Great Wall on a high mountain, making use of ridges and peaks as much as possible, making it impossible for tarquin to cross it. Try to use the river as a barrier, and try to build the Great Wall to the north of the river so that the enemy can't get water. On the hills and plains, build tall city walls, or build them with earth and stone clips or rammed with earth. The sections of the Great Wall are connected into a magnificent dragon to separate the north from the south. Compared with the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms, the beacon tower in Qin Changcheng has been improved. They are all built on the open hills outside the Great Wall. According to the terrain, there is one in every 10, 20 and 30 miles. The barrier city has also been improved, and two barrier cities, north and south, have been built at traffic intersections or taniguchi. The cities where large troops are stationed are all built to the south of the Great Wall and are closely connected with it. It can be said that Qin Changcheng's highly scientific architectural system is the inheritance and development of the Great Wall architectural system of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.
Finally, the historical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States not only shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation more than 2,200 years ago, but also shows the high wisdom, indomitable spirit, superb military scientific level and high scientific culture of the people of China at that time.
cultural heritage
The miracle of human history
The continuous construction of the Great Wall takes a long time, the amount of work is large, the construction is arduous, and the historical and cultural connotation is rich, which is really incomparable to other ancient projects in the world. Commenting on the Great Wall, Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of China's modern democratic revolution, said: "The most famous engineer in China is the Great Wall of Wan Li. ..... This project is unparalleled in ancient times and the only miracle in the world. " Former US President Nixon said after visiting the Great Wall: "Only a great nation can build such a Great Wall." Therefore, the Great Wall, as a miracle of human history, was included in the World Heritage List at 1987, and it deserved its name.
Such a huge project is unique not only in China, but also in the world, so it was listed as one of the seven wonders of the Middle Ages with the Colosseum and the Leaning Tower of Pisa hundreds of years ago.
Cultural treasures, historical monuments
The Great Wall of Wan Li began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, accompanied by two thousand years of social progress in China. As we all know, the ancient civilization in China has a long history, and the feudal society is the richest and most brilliant chapter. All the major political, economic, cultural and historical events in the feudal society have left their marks on the Great Wall. The Great Wall is a symbol of the Jin-Goma Railway, the struggle for deer to strengthen fields, the change of dynasties and the struggle for national peace. As a historical monument, the Great Wall has made the hydrology of China. The Great Wall of Wan Li contains the splendid culture and art of the Chinese nation for more than 2,000 years, and its connotation is very rich. In addition to the architectural layout, modeling, sculpture and painting of the city wall, Guancheng, Zhencheng and beacon tower, there are also poems and songs, folk literature and opera rap. Throughout the ages, I don't know how many emperors, generals, foot soldiers, poets and poets have left immortal chapters for the Great Wall. Frontier poems have become an important school in classical literature. For example, Li Bai's famous sayings such as "The wind has traveled thousands of miles, knocking on the battlements of Yumenguan", Wang Changling's "The bright moon in Qin Dynasty is about the Han Dynasty, and the Long March has not returned", Wang Wei's "Advise the gentleman to have a glass of wine, and there is no reason for people to go out to Xiyangguan", and Cen Can's "Like a spring breeze, it comes at night and blows open the petals of a million pear trees" have been circulated for thousands of years. The lyrics of Meng Jiangnu's sending cold clothes are still widely sung. The Great Wall is a place for patriotic education and a tourist attraction. It symbolizes the indomitable spirit and perseverance of the Chinese nation to overcome difficulties with its majestic posture and strong physique. This spirit inspires us to move forward forever. Sightseeing is not only a tour, but also a comprehensive function of keeping fit, increasing knowledge, keeping in touch with friendship and developing economic and trade activities.
Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening-up, the Party and the state have attached great importance to the development of tourism. Developing tourism has become one of the main tasks of the government. Beautiful natural scenery, rich cultural heritage and colorful national culture and art are the powerful pillars of China's characteristic tourism. The Great Wall of Wan Li adorns the magnificent rivers and mountains of China with its winding and undulating figure, making it more majestic. It is both a cultural heritage with rich cultural connotations and a unique natural landscape. In the tourism opening, the Great Wall of Wan Li has unique advantages. Today, it is completely understandable that tourists at home and abroad express their feelings that they must personally visit the Great Wall to see China's long-standing civilization and magnificent rivers and mountains with the poem "You are not a hero until you reach the Great Wall". Former British Prime Minister Heath said during his visit to the Great Wall: "China's past and future are equally fascinating. When I arrived at the Great Wall, I felt more spectacular than the Great Wall I saw in photos, embroidery and paintings before. " This just shows that tourists want to visit the Great Wall in person. The castle is still old, Kyushu is better than the mighty mountains and rivers, and the Great Wall of Wan Li is mighty, coexisting with China and the world civilization.
Legends about the Great Wall
Meng Jiangnu cry the Great Wall
In the Qin Dynasty, there was a kind and beautiful woman named Meng Jiangnv. One day, when she was doing housework in her yard, she suddenly found a man hiding under the grape trellis, which startled her and was about to shout. I saw the man waving his hand again and again, pleading, "Don't shout, don't shout, help me!" " My name is Fan Xiliang, and I'm here to escape. "It turned out that Qin Shihuang arrested people everywhere to do coolies in order to repair the Great Wall. I don't know how many people died of starvation! Meng Jiangnv saved Fan Xiliang. When she saw that he was sensible and had fine features, she fell in love with him, and Fan Xiliang fell in love with Meng Jiangnv. They are soul mates, and with the consent of their parents, they are ready to get married.
On the wedding day, Meng's family was decorated with lanterns and decorations, beaming with joy. Seeing that it was getting dark, the people who drank the wedding banquet gradually dispersed. The bride and groom were about to enter the bridal chamber when they heard a chicken fly and a dog bark. Then a group of vicious officers and men broke in. It's hard to say that they chained Fan Xiliang and took him to work in the Great Wall. The happy event went up in smoke, and Meng Jiangnv was filled with grief and indignation, missing her husband day and night. She thought that instead of sitting at home in a hurry, I would go to the Great Wall to find him myself. Yes! Do it! Meng Jiangnu immediately packed her bags and set off.
Along the way, I don't know how much wind, frost, rain and snow I have experienced and how many steep mountains and rivers I have trekked. Meng Jiangnv never cried a bitter word or shed a tear. Finally, with tenacious perseverance and deep love for her husband, she reached the Great Wall. At this time, the Great Wall is already a long wall composed of construction sites. Meng Jiangnv looked everywhere from one construction site to another, but never saw her husband. Finally, she summoned up her courage and asked a group of migrant workers who were about to go to work: "Do you have Fan Xiliang here?" Migrant workers said: "There is such a person, a newcomer." Hearing this, Meng Jiangnv was extremely happy! She quickly asked again, "Where is he?" The migrant workers said, "They are dead, and the bodies have been filled at the foot of the city!" " "
Suddenly hearing the bad news was like a bolt from the blue. Meng Jiangnv only felt black at the moment and burst into tears. I cried for three days and nights, and I cried so dark that even the sky was moved. It's getting dark and the wind is getting stronger and stronger. There was a loud crash, and a section of the Great Wall cried down, revealing its corpse. Meng Jiangnv's tears dripped on his bloody face. She finally met her beloved husband, but he never saw her again because he had been killed by the cruel Qin Shihuang.
At present, there are several sections of the Great Wall:
Badaling Great Wall, Mutianyu Great Wall, Simatai Great Wall, Jinshanling Great Wall, Shanhaiguan Great Wall, Jiayuguan Great Wall, Hushan Great Wall and Jiumenkou Great Wall.
Badaling Great Wall: Located in Yanqing, Beijing, Badaling Great Wall is the most well-preserved and representative section of the Ming Great Wall. This is the outpost of Juyongguan, an important pass, with an altitude of1015m. Dangerous terrain has always been a battleground for military strategists, an important military pass in the Ming Dynasty and an important barrier for the capital Beijing. Climb the Great Wall here, and you can overlook the majestic mountains. So far, more than 300 celebrities, including Nixon and Margaret Thatcher, have visited here.
Mutianyu Great Wall: Mutianyu Great Wall is located in Huairou District, Beijing. It is 73 kilometers away from Beijing. One of the famous attractions of the Great Wall in Beijing is the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. Mutianyu Great Wall has a unique architectural style, dense enemy towers and dangerous passes, and there are cribs on both sides of the city.
Simatai Great Wall: Located in Gubeikou Town, the northeast of Miyun County, Beijing, it is 0/20km away from Beijing/Kloc-0 and is guarded by Qi Jiguang. It starts from wangjinglou in the east and ends at Houchuankou in the west, with a total length of 5.4 kilometers and 35 watchtowers. The whole section of the Great Wall is ingenious in conception, unique in design, novel in structure and different in shape, and it can be called the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li. Simatai Great Wall 1987 is listed in the World Heritage List and belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit. It is the only ancient building site in China that retains the original appearance of the Ming Dynasty.
Jinshanling Great Wall: Located at the junction of Miyun County and Luanping County, Hebei Province, the Yanshan Mountains are 140 km away from the urban area. It starts from Longyukou in the west and ends in wangjinglou in the east, with a total length of10.5km. There are 67 ancient pagodas with different buildings, 2 beacon towers and 5 passes. Here, there are many enemy buildings on the Great Wall, generally at 50- 100 meters. This wall is based on huge stones and is 5-8 meters high. There are horse-blocking walls, stacked walls and barrier walls, which are various in form and have their own characteristics. Known as the "Great Wall of Wan Li, Jinshan stands out from the crowd".
Shanhaiguan Great Wall: It is the entrance to the world-famous Great Wall in Wan Li. At present, the Great Wall in Shanhaiguan is 26 kilometers long, including: Laolongtou Great Wall, South Wing Great Wall, Guancheng Great Wall, North Wing Great Wall, Jiaoshan Great Wall, Mishimaguan Great Wall and Jiumenkou Great Wall. Laolongtou Great Wall is the end part of the Great Wall that enters the sea, and it has the reputation of "the soul of China".
Jiayuguan Great Wall: The starting point of the westernmost end of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1372), is the best-preserved Chengguan, the first pass in Hexi, and has the reputation of the first pass in the world. It is also an important stop on the Silk Road. Chengguan is a complete military defense system composed of inner city, outer city and moat. The chengguan we see now are mainly in the inner city, rammed with loess and surrounded by city bricks, which are solid and majestic. The walls at both ends of the city pass through the Gobi, where you can experience the desolation of the desert lonely city.
Hushan Great Wall: Hushan Scenic Area is located15km east of Dandong City, Liaoning Province, with an area of 4km2 and a main peak height of146.3m.. The summit is the first beacon tower of the Great Wall of Wan Li. Looking around from the beacon tower, you can clearly see Yizhou City in North Korea, Mashi Shazhou in China and Yalu River Bridge connecting Dandong and Sinuiju.
Jiumenkou Great Wall: Located in Xintaizi Village, Lijia Township, Suizhong County, Liaoning Province, it is 5 km away from Shanhaiguan 1704m long. Its southern end starts from dangerous peaks and cliffs and connects with the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan. Since then, the Great Wall has extended northward along the ridge to the south bank of the local Jiujiang River. On the Jiujiang River, which is 100 meters wide, a huge river-crossing bridge has been built to continue to swim northward in the mountains. "The city walks on water, and the water flows in the city." This is the image description of the Great Wall at Jiumenkou.
Datong Great Wall: Datong is one of the nine important towns in Ming Dynasty, and its strategic position is very important. Datong Ming Great Wall was mainly built during Jiajing period, and was built by Weng Wanda, Governor of Xuanda University. Datong mayor starts from Koutai, dongbei town, Tianzhen County in the east and ends at Yajiao Mountain in the west (now Dongshan, Zishang Village, Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia), with a total length of 335 kilometers. According to "Three Clouds"? According to the picture statistics of General Town in Datong, Datong Town has successively repaired 5 16.3 plums on the big side and the second side; There are 72 main castles (20 in the city and 52 in the castle), such as inner five castles, outer five castles, outer five castles and Yungang six castles; 776 border towns; There are 833 fire piers. The Ming Great Wall in Datong City, hun yuan and Lingqiu County is the Great Wall in the week. Hunyuan territory 160 Li, Lingqiu territory about 190 Li. Datong Ming Great Wall has a total length of more than 800 miles inside and outside. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.