The Analects of Confucius is China's first book in the form of quotations. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and it is the most important classic work of Confucianism. Most of the words in The Analects of Confucius are recorded, and only a few chapters can be regarded as relatively complete articles. The book has 20 volumes, 5 12 chapters and about 15000 words. There is no internal relationship between chapters, and the title of each chapter is meaningless. Use the first few words of each chapter. It records a wide range of contents, including philosophy, morality, politics, education, current affairs, life and so on. The following is an interpretation of some educational ideas contained in it for the benefit of colleagues. 1. No class. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong XV. It says, "Everyone can receive education, regardless of race." The so-called "class" refers to the division of classes according to their political status. Schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty were monopolized by hereditary slave owners and nobles. Not only is there a strict class boundary between the slave owners' nobles and civilians and slaves, but there is also a strict hierarchy within the slave owners' class, with distinctions of honor and inferiority. So the education at that time was concentrated in the upper class, that is, the so-called "learning in the official", and there was no equality. The connotation of Confucius's "education without distinction" is that anyone can receive my education, regardless of the distinction between high and low, so that education can reach ordinary people, thus achieving equality for all in education. This thought broke the situation that "learning is in the official" and adapted to the historical trend of the rise of the "scholar" class and the downward movement of culture and scholarship. Its essence is to expand the object of education from aristocrats to the general public. This is in line with our concept of implementing quality education, realizing people-oriented and facing all students. The purpose is to make the starting point of the educated equal, let all the educated live under the same blue sky, live happily, learn and grow, and let everyone become a talent. Confucius put forward that "teaching without distinction" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" are dialectical unity and inseparable. What they are talking about is the combination of collective education and individual guidance, and the unity of generality and individuality. "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" should be carried out under the guidance of "teaching all classes" and implemented through "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". Confucius has 3000 disciples and 72 wise men. It can be said that he knows their personalities like the back of his hand. Therefore, he has a vivid educational situation of teaching for the people, fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses. This idea is consistent with our current thinking of "facing the whole" and "developing individuality". This great thought and the Analects of Confucius? Yong is also above the person mentioned in Article 6, and can also be used in language. Under China people, you can't be consistent in language.

2。 In Chinese, you can also use language; Under China people, you can't use this passage from The Analects of Confucius. It is the concrete embodiment of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. It is said: "People with above-average intelligence can teach him profound knowledge;" People below average can't give him profound knowledge. " This is a concrete interpretation of the typical teaching principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which is still in use today and will never be out of date. This is Confucius' greatest contribution to later education. Confucius has always believed that there is a difference between cleverness and dullness, starting from birth. That is, there is wisdom, stupidity and humanity. Since there are so many gaps between people, it is impossible to measure all people with a ruler in the teaching process. Teaching contents and methods should be determined according to students' intelligence level, which has made positive contributions to the formation and development of pedagogy in China. There is also a classic case of Confucius teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in The Analects of Confucius: Lutz asked, "Si Wen does everything?" Confucius said, "With my father and brother around, how can I smell and act?" You Ran asked, "Where is Sven?" Confucius said, "Si Wen must do it." Gong Xihua said, "You asked Steven Zhu Xing again, and the son said,' Father and brother'; Qiu asked "Zhi" again, and Confucius said "Zhi's nature is also". Red is also confused, dare to ask? Confucius said, "Seek to retreat, so advance; I retired because I am also a human being. "Yes, Luz and Ran Qiu once asked Confucius: When I heard that my friend was poor, could I send some property to help him? Confucius said to Luz: My father and brother are still alive. How can we make our own decisions without consultation? But he said to Ran Qiu: We should help him at once. Gong Xihua didn't understand, so he asked Confucius why they asked the same question, but the teacher's answer was different. Confucius said: Because Ran Qiu usually retreats, I urged him and encouraged him to do it. Lutz is brave and self-righteous, so I restrained him. Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't be angry, don't occupy a corner, don't use three corners to object, then this paragraph will no longer come from The Analects. It is a typical heuristic teaching. It is consistent with the teaching principle of "good metaphor" put forward in Xue Ji. What he said was: "Remind me when you think clearly; Don't lead until you feel speechless. If you can't give an example to understand three similar problems, don't teach him any more. "Zhu, an educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, explained:" Those who are angry want to get through, but they can't get through; "Those who are embarrassed and have nothing to say; Enlightenment is to open its meaning; Send it, that is, reach its words. " This means mobilizing students to enter a positive thinking state, and then teachers can induce and trigger them in time to help students open the door to knowledge. By analogy, focusing on "thinking about their lessons" requires "learning from others", that is, cultivating students' reasoning and deductive thinking ability, and being able to infer or think about individual or special conclusions from general or universal knowledge. Confucius also emphasized "consistency", requiring students to "listen more", "read more" and "withdraw from blogs", and draw general or universal conclusions from known individual or special knowledge. Because Confucius taught students not to make clear what they had chewed, they should leave room for thinking, so that students always felt that they could not learn and were in a state of "unable to stop", which stimulated their interest and initiative in learning. Become "studious" and "happy to learn" and develop thinking ability in the process of learning knowledge.

The above is the prototype of heuristic teaching. It still affects our teaching. It is emphasized that students' learning enthusiasm should be aroused, and teachers should pay attention to opening students' thinking and cultivating their autonomous learning ability in teaching. Don't entrust students with knowledge and food from the beginning, but the camera induces them to "learn by themselves". In fact, it is the "teacher-oriented and student-centered" that we advocate now. 4. Isn't it pleasant to study from time to time? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? People don't know, but they don't care Aren't you a gentleman? This passage is from the Analects of Confucius, and learning is the first. These words of Confucius put forward that learning is a kind of fun, so that "people don't know, but they don't get tired", which embodies Confucius' thoughts of "learning without getting tired", "teaching without getting tired", paying attention to self-cultivation and being strict with self-discipline. These propositions can be found in many places in The Analects. "Isn't it pleasant to learn from the times?" This is the learning method that Confucius taught us. In learning, we should not only stare at books, but also gain experience from practice in combination with reality. As the ancients said, "read thousands of books and follow Wan Li Road", we should apply what we have learned. Therefore, in our daily study, we should read the knowledge in books and make use of it to lay a solid foundation for our future development in society. Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher. This section is from The Analects of Confucius. This is the learning method that Confucius taught us. What he said is: "review the past and learn the new, so you can be a teacher." Confucius emphasized the importance of drawing inferences from others and understanding the essence of spirit in teaching. "Make the past serve the present" is a great contribution of Confucius to China's pedagogy. He believes that he can gain new knowledge by constantly reviewing what he has learned. This learning method grasps the essential law of learning: people's cognition is continuous from low to high, and new knowledge and new knowledge are developed on the basis of what they have learned in the past. Therefore, it is a practical learning method and the basic law of learning to review the old and learn the new. 6. Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius? Politics is second. Confucius pointed out the learning method of combining learning with thinking here. These two sentences put forward the relationship between learning and thinking, and pointed out that the combination of learning and thinking is an important summary of Confucius' research methods. Confucius believes that in the process of learning, learning and thinking should not be ignored. He pointed out that it is useless to learn without thinking, and also pointed out that the disadvantage of thinking without learning is that you are ignorant. Only by combining learning with thinking can you become a person with both ideas and knowledge. This is also the educational principle of "integration of knowledge and practice" that we are talking about at present.

7。 I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night to think. It's no use. It is better to learn. This passage is from the Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong XV. This is about the relationship between learning and thinking. What I said was that I didn't eat all day and stayed up all night to think. If you don't get good grades, you might as well study. In The Analects of Confucius? Confucius has already mentioned the viewpoint of "learning without thinking is useless, and dying without learning is dangerous" in Political Theory II, which has been further developed and expounded here. Thinking is a rational activity, which has two functions. First, if you find that your words and deeds are inconsistent or violate morality, you must correct the results; On the other hand, we should check whether our words and deeds conform to moral standards and stick to them. But learning and thinking can't be neglected. Learning without thinking is useless. It is also dangerous to think without learning. In short, the combination of thinking and learning can make you a moral and learned person. This is in line with Xunzi's thought in Xue Ji that "thinking all day is not as good as seeing for a while" and "learning alone without friends". 8. Recite 300 Poems and teach them to be political, not to achieve; Develop in all directions, but not limited to this. It's a lot, but what do you think? This passage is taken from The Analects of Confucius Lutz XIII and points out the relationship between learning and use. He said: "I read a lot of books and asked him to do his job, but he couldn't finish the task;" Let him engage in public relations, and he can't accomplish his mission. What's the use of such a person reading more books? "Poetry is also one of the main contents of Confucius' teaching. He teaches students to recite poems, not just for memorizing poems, but for applying the idea of "poetry" to understanding political activities. Confucianism does not advocate training pedantic people by rote, but should apply what they have learned to achieve the unity of "knowledge" and "behavior". 9. Knowing is not as good as being good, and being good is not as good as being happy. This passage is from the Analects of Confucius, Yong Ye Liu. This is both a teaching method and a learning method. It said: "people who know it are not as good as those who love it;" Those who love it are not as happy as those who enjoy it. "Confucius discussed the three levels of learning here, namely knowledge, kindness and happiness. This passage emphasizes the important role of hobbies and interests in people's study. This is the research result of Confucius' educational psychology. Confucius didn't know anything specifically, but it seemed to refer to it in general, including knowledge and skills. Later generations said that interest is the best teacher, that's what it means. 10. In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose the right one and the good one, and change the bad one. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius. It says, "If three people walk together, someone will be my teacher. Choose his strengths and learn from him, and learn from his weaknesses to correct yourself. "

Confucius' statement that "a threesome must have a teacher" has been highly appreciated by later intellectuals. His spirit of learning from others with an open mind is very valuable, but what is more valuable is that he takes kindness as a teacher and does not take kindness as a teacher, which contains profound philosophy. His words are not only instructive to our study, but also beneficial to our treatment of people and self-cultivation. 1 1. Sensitive and studious, not ashamed to ask questions. This passage from the Analects of Confucius and Gongye Chang V tells us how to study. This is the method that Confucius has always used in his research. "Being quick and eager to learn" means being diligent and eager to learn. It is emphasized that if you really want to learn something, you must work hard. "Don't be ashamed to ask questions" means not only to listen to and solicit the opinions of teachers and elders, but also to solicit the opinions of all those who are generally less knowledgeable than themselves, instead of being ashamed of it. Confucius's "not ashamed to ask questions" is manifested as follows: First, learn from his own students nearby, which is recorded in The Analects; Second, learn from the people. In his view, the masses can learn a lot, which can also be found in The Analects. His learning attitude of "not ashamed to ask questions" has had a far-reaching impact on later scholars. This passage and the Analects of Confucius in the fifth article "threesome, there must be my teacher" and Xue Ji's "xiangshi" have the same effect. 12. Never tire of learning or teaching. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius. It reflects the problems of Confucius' research methods. It is said that learning should be patient, not satisfied and bored; Teach others to be rational, emotional and not tired. This reflects one aspect of Confucius' educational method. The formation and development of this thought had a great influence, so that we are still popularizing his educational theory today. 13。 If you don't try your best to learn well, you are afraid of losing. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius Taber VIII. This paper expounds Confucius' learning attitude. It is said that learning is like a race, afraid of not catching up, catching up and being surpassed. This is an attitude that is never satisfied with learning. Confucius himself has a strong desire and demand for learning knowledge, and he also asks his students in this attitude. This sentence "learning is not as good as learning, but I am afraid of losing" is actually the best footnote of "learning without getting tired" 14。 The higher the sun, the stronger the drillability; Look ahead, suddenly how come back. The master coaxed me with articles and begged me to be polite. I can't stop. I used up my talents and made a difference. Although I wanted to follow them, in the end I had no reason.

This passage is taken from The Analects of Confucius, Zi Han IX. Here, we not only clarify the importance of respecting teachers and stressing morality, but also put forward the methods of teaching and learning. This is Yan Yuan's evaluation of the teacher. It says, "(for teachers' knowledge and morality) I look up, and the more I look up, the higher I feel;" "I study hard, and the more I learn, the more I feel inexhaustible. The teacher is good at inducing me step by step, enriching my knowledge with all kinds of classics and restraining my words and deeds with all kinds of etiquette, so that I can't learn. I tried my best, but there was still a mountain standing in front of me. I want to climb up, but I feel there is no way out. " Yan Yuan spoke highly of his teacher here, saying that Confucius' knowledge and morality were unattainable. In fact, this is an infinite reverence and respect for teachers. In addition, he also talked about Confucius' educational method for students-persuasion. This rule has become one of the principles that teachers will follow in the future. Disciples are filial when they enter, and filial when they leave. They are sincere, believe that they love the public and are kind .59980.999999999995 If you have spare capacity, you can learn this passage from The Analects. Study first. Pointed out the importance of a person's moral cultivation. It says, "Young people should be filial to their parents in front of them; Respect teachers and brothers when you leave home; Prudent in words and deeds, honest and trustworthy; Love all people and be close to kind people. After practicing like this, if you still have spare capacity, you will study literary knowledge again. " Confucius asked his disciples to devote themselves to filial piety, faith, love for the masses, kindness, and cultivate good moral concepts and behaviors. If they still have leisure time and spare capacity, they should use it to study ancient books and increase their cultural knowledge. This shows that Confucius' education is centered on morality, focusing on cultivating students' moral cultivation, and the study of book knowledge is second. Confucius believes that people without morality can't learn literature for a long time, and even if they learn literature, they will only harm others and themselves. This view is very correct and of great practical significance to our current education. This is in line with our current view that education is the cause of "educating people with moral education". When the founding of the People's Republic of China first established people, people must first establish their hearts and souls. Therefore, it is most important to improve people's quality of life through education, especially the quality of mind and soul. Confucius called him a great educator because he grasped the "hard core" of education, which is character. In his words, it is "virtue". 16。 Be knowledgeable and determined, ask and think, and benevolence is among them. This passage is from The Analects of Confucius? Zi Zhang nineteen. It says: "read a lot of books, remember them firmly, ask questions and think about problems related to your life, and benevolence is among them." The problem of Confucius' educational method came. "Learning depends" means "learning and remembering". The focus of this part is to encourage students to read widely. They read more books, which will naturally cultivate people's ideological realm.

￥

5.9

Baidu library VIP limited time discount is now open, enjoy 600 million +VIP content.

Go get it now

Educational Thoughts of The Analects of Confucius (Ⅱ) Selected Documents

The Educational Thought of The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is China's first book in the form of quotations. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and it is the most important classic work of Confucianism.

The Analects of Confucius mostly records words and a few notes, and only a few chapters can be regarded as relatively complete articles. The book has 20 volumes, 5 12 chapters and about 15000 words. There is no internal relationship between chapters, and the title of each chapter is meaningless. Use the first few words of each chapter. It records a wide range of contents, including philosophy, morality, politics, education, current affairs, life and so on. The following is an interpretation of some educational ideas contained in it for the benefit of colleagues.