Standardized and unified process
① From 1950s to 1988.
Sign language is a tool for deaf people to express their thoughts and communicate. Because of our vast territory and numerous local sign languages, it brings inconvenience to the communication between deaf people. Determining standardized sign language plays a vital role in realizing "equality, participation and sharing" for deaf people. Since 1950s, China began to standardize and unify sign language.
-1959. At that time, the China Association for the Blind and Deaf compiled and revised the Sketch of General Sign Language for the Deaf, and submitted it to the former Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Education and the China Language and Character Reform Commission for approval. Four series including 2000 gestures were published one after another.
-1960, the former Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Education and China Language and Character Reform Committee approved the Notice of China Association for the Blind and Deaf on Revising the Work Plan of Universal Sign Language, and put forward the principles of revising Universal Sign Language, namely, the principle of keeping sign language consistent with real life, the principle of combining gestures with finger letters, the principle of keeping sign language consistent with or close to language and characters, and the principle of keeping visualization and readability.
-1979, the former China Association for the Blind and Deaf redrawn the drawings on the basis of the sketches, and published two series of maps of sign language for the deaf. 1982 discussed and formulated 640 new words and gestures, which were approved by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Education and the Language and Character Reform Commission of China for trial promotion.
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-China Association for the Blind and Deaf, together with relevant departments, held four meetings on sign language to prepare for the formulation of standardized and unified universal sign language.
② 1988 -200 1 year
1988 after the establishment of the China Disabled Persons' Federation, on the basis of the original sign language research, combined with the use of audio language and sign language, experts were organized to edit and publish the Chinese Sign Language Specification (continued), which became the concrete embodiment of the unified achievements of Chinese sign language specifications.
Since the 1980s, in the five-year work outline for the cause of the disabled formulated by the state, and in the documents on deaf education issued by the national education administrative department, it has been repeatedly proposed to promote the use of Chinese sign language, and it has been clearly stated that standardized and unified Chinese sign language is the official sign language in China. 199 1 year, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the former State Education Commission, the State Language Committee and the China Disabled Persons' Federation jointly issued the Notice on Promoting the Application of Chinese Sign Language in China ([199 1]No. Zi Xuan of the Disabled Persons' Federation 138), which stipulated that education should be conducted in public places and schools. During this period, the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Association for the Deaf held four national sign language training courses and trained hundreds of sign language interpreters. At the same time, disabled persons' federations at all levels have also held different levels of Chinese sign language training courses and trained a considerable number of sign language interpreters.
③200 1- till now
-Revising Chinese sign language. In order to meet the needs of the new situation, the Education and Employment Department of the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Deaf Association jointly entrusted the Special Education Research Center of Beijing Normal University in July, 20001,and organized an expert group on Chinese sign language revision composed of the chairman of the Deaf Association, deaf representatives, sign language experts and teachers of deaf schools to revise the original Chinese sign language. The whole revision work lasted nearly two years and was finally completed and published in May 2003. Comrade Park Fang wrote an inscription for this purpose: "Standardize Chinese sign language and smooth communication channels". -Conduct a nationwide questionnaire survey. In order to fully understand the opinions and suggestions of various places on the research and promotion of sign language, in June, 2004, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Deaf Association conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey to solicit opinions on the research and promotion of sign language from deaf students in special education schools, adult deaf people in society, teachers in deaf schools, sign language interpreters and healthy people who are enthusiastic about learning sign language. A total of 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions participated in this survey, and 5547 valid questionnaires were collected. After data collection, the valid questionnaire was coded and analyzed by SPSS (social science statistical software package) 1 1.5 statistical software package. According to the survey data, different respondents believe that the primary task at present and in the future is to continue to solve the problem of sign language unification and standardization, especially the problem of sign language service teaching, the study of sign language spelling rules and the problem of sign language vocabulary enrichment; Nearly 80% of the respondents agreed to promote Chinese sign language as a unified sign language for the deaf in China. 80% of the respondents believe that the main problem in the promotion of Chinese sign language is that there is no systematic training and insufficient publicity; Respondents generally believe that teachers and students in schools for the deaf should be the focus of promoting Chinese sign language, and 80% of them suggest offering sign language courses in schools for the deaf.
-Actively promoting the standardization of Chinese sign language. Approved by the former State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision and the Ministry of Science and Technology, the national standard of Chinese sign language began to be studied and formulated in 1994. Under the direct leadership of the Education and Employment Department of the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Deaf Association, the research was led by the China Institute of Rehabilitation Science under the China Disabled Persons' Federation, and jointly carried out by relevant departments and experts. After more than ten years' efforts, the draft for comments was initially completed in June 2005. With the consent of the Education and Employment Department of the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Deaf Association, the national standard of Chinese sign language was sought nationwide. The Education and Employment Office of the Provincial Disabled Persons' Federation and the Deaf Association organized local deaf representatives, sign language researchers and sign language translators to have a serious discussion. At the same time, experts and members of the Rehabilitation Standards Committee for the Disabled are invited to seriously study and put forward suggestions for revision.
-Learn and edit sign language in some professional fields. With the advent of the information age, more and more deaf people are learning computer and Internet, which puts forward requirements for the research and editing of computer sign language. At the beginning of 2002, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Deaf Association jointly entrusted the Institute of Deaf Engineering of Tianjin University of Technology to study and edit computer professional sign language as a supplement to Chinese sign language. The book was officially published in 2004, with nearly 1200 entries.
The Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and the China Deaf Association also entrusted the College of Special Education of Changchun University and the Teaching and Research Section of Shanghai Education Commission to study and edit the sign language of fine arts and natural sciences, and these two types of sign language are currently being edited.
-Editing and publishing daily conversations in Chinese sign language. Since July, 2003, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Deaf Association have organized experts to compile daily conversations in Chinese sign language, taking the form of situational dialogues, so that the hearing-impaired can learn common sign language more quickly and communicate and serve the deaf better. It has been officially published.
-Editing and publishing the Chinese Sign Language Training Textbook (for Trial Implementation), promoting standardized and universal Chinese sign language, and creating a barrier-free communication environment for the deaf. From June 5438 to 10, 2006, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation, China Deaf Association and Guangzhou Sign Language Research Association jointly organized experts to compile and publish the Chinese Sign Language Training Textbook (Trial).
-Publishing Chinese Sign Language Video Software (Series) In order to meet the needs of the research and promotion of Chinese sign language teaching, from May 2005 to June 2006, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Deaf Association organized experts to evaluate the Chinese sign language video software (Series) developed by Zhengzhou Encyclopedia Information Service Co., Ltd. (China Encyclopedia for the Deaf). The Chinese Sign Language Video Software (Series) produced by the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Deaf Association was officially published in September 2006. In the same year, the software series was included in the "Eleventh Five-Year" national key electronic publication publishing plan by the State Press and Publication Administration.
-Development of Chinese Sign Language Video Resource Library With the guidance and help of the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation, Zhengzhou Encyclopedia Information Service Co., Ltd. (China Encyclopedia for the Deaf) completed the development of Chinese Sign Language video resource library. The completion of this resource database has a positive role in promoting the study, research, evaluation and competition of Chinese sign language.
-Hold a symposium on sign language work. From April 5 to 7, 2004, a symposium on strengthening Chinese sign language work was held, in which the Ministry of Education, the State Language Commission, the China Association for the Deaf, Beijing Normal University, Tianjin University of Technology, Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Disabled Persons' Federation, Shanghai Education Commission, principals of Beijing special education schools and deaf representatives were invited to discuss sign language work together. Participants expressed their opinions and put forward many suggestions on sign language work.
-"Chinese sign language training class" has been held many times. In the 1990s, the Education and Employment Department of China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Deaf Association held four national training courses, including some presidents of deaf associations, teachers of deaf schools and sign language interpreters, which promoted Chinese sign language. On June 5438+February, 2004, the "First National Key Sign Language Translation Training Course" was held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which laid the foundation for building a national sign language translation team. Nearly 90 people from 29 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps participated in this training course, including the person in charge of sign language work of the Disabled Persons' Federation system, sign language interpreters and some teachers of deaf schools. The training course mainly introduced the revision principle of Chinese sign language, trained the common vocabulary, new words, revised words and sign language classification of computer professional sign language and Chinese sign language, and explained the Chinese sign language synthesis system software developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through training, we will strive to cultivate a team of translators who are proficient in both Chinese sign language and international sign language, provide better services for deaf friends at home and abroad, and make good reserves for building a national backbone sign language translator pool. At the same time, a number of full-time and part-time sign language interpreters with a certain level have been trained in various places. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 30,000 full-time and part-time sign language interpreters (including deaf school teachers, disabled workers, deaf families and social enthusiasts). ).
After years of hard work, the research and promotion of Chinese sign language has been quite effective, and a social atmosphere of "learning and using sign language" has initially formed. CCTV, provincial TV stations and some local TV stations have set up sign language columns, which have promoted the communication between deaf people in different regions and between deaf people and healthy people. Local sign language research institutions have also been established in some places, such as Guangzhou, Zhejiang, Beijing, Shaoxing, Suzhou and Dalian. Zhongzhou University took the lead in setting up sign language research major in China. The Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences and other related scientific research units are also actively using computer technology to develop Chinese sign language aided teaching software.
4. People who need sign language: According to statistics, there are 20.57 million deaf people in China. If each deaf person has four immediate family members, the number of people who need sign language should be around 1 100 million. In addition, special educators, service industries, government departments and sign language enthusiasts are also a large group of people who use sign language.
④ China Taiwanese sign language.
Because Japan once ruled Taiwan Province Province for more than 50 years, during this ruling period, Japanese sign language entered Taiwan Province Province while implementing enslavement education; Therefore, Taiwanese sign language is more influenced by Japanese sign language and closer to Japan. Sign language can represent 10 numbers and 26 commonly used letters, as well as letter combinations commonly used in Chinese, including, CH, SH, ng, etc. Let every word spoken by ordinary people be accurately expressed in sign language without ambiguity. However, common words in daily life, such as "hello", "goodbye", "good morning" and "sun", still have special sign language words to express them quickly. Only when people's names, place names and technical terms are difficult to express, will standard sign language be used to express them. In addition, when encountering the problem of sign language dialects, that is, when different schools teach deaf people different sign languages, we can also compare them with standard sign languages.