Classmates, also known as classmates, refer to a group of students who have a common learning environment. It can be divided into classmates, classmates at the same level and classmates at the same school.

Classmates usually refer to people who studied together at the same time, not alumni who studied with them at the same time. Generally, senior students are called seniors and junior students are called schoolmates. Generally speaking, the friendship between classmates is simple, and there is no obvious competition for interests and power. So many people become friends with classmates, even confidants and close friends. The specific interpretation is as follows: 1. Learn from the same teacher.

1, "Zhuangzi Traveling to the North": "The river is dry, and Shennong is in the old dragon ridge." 2. Biography of Xiao Bo in Yu Wen, Zhou Shu: "He Chang, a classmate of Gao Zu.

"3. Wu Qin Jichang's" Guest Window Gossip Part I: Shuangju Temple ":"After investigation, Bai is a neighbor of any man, young and old. "Classmate 4. Tang Yongtong's History of Buddhism in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Chapter 16: "This classmate means that he is in Kumarajiva.

"Two, with the teacher. 1, the biography of Han Xiao Wang written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Dr. Bai Qi, a classmate of Fu's, asked the Analects of Confucius, and won the clothes from Xiahou.

"2. Tang Sikongshu's poem" Upper House ":"Just say that our classmates are here. When can we meet in Hengyang hand in hand? "3. Qing Sun Zhiwei's" Hometown Trip "poem:" Fish and salt don't come to the grass, and the message is not sad. Guiguzi said to Reese, "Ting Wei studied under Xun Qing and Han Fei, which is also the same way.

"Third, companions." With dozens of students in the field, "trying to cut rice" is also the classmate Dao. "Fa Xian (Song Jiangling Heart Temple) [Biography of Eminent Monks] Fourth, in the Qing Dynasty, it was forbidden for literati to form associations and call them social brothers and alliance brothers, so they were renamed homecoming.

1, Wang Qingyingkui's "Talia Liu's Continued Stabbing Classmates": "From the beginning of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty to the end of Shunzhi in the current dynasty, the southeast society was very prosperous, and scholars stabbed it, both of which were called' social' and' alliance'; Later, it was renamed as a classmate with a more elegant name, but it actually started with Huang Taichong. 2. Taichong's "On Poor Bank Communications in Zhang Lu Mountainous Areas" said:' ... anyone who calls himself a student of the Social League is ashamed to write' no'.

Note from the cloud: "The name of classmates began with Shen Meisheng and Lu. People who study in the same school.

Bing Xin's mourning for Dr. Lin: "The medical staff and social service department of Union Medical College Hospital have my classmates." Six, the floorboard of the students in school.

Liu's "head teacher": "Teacher Yin suddenly remembered and quickly said to Teacher Zhang,' I just came out of their building and heard a classmate in the class say that we had a quarrel. " "。

2. How to make students willing to learn classical Chinese to synthesize everyone's views? Generally speaking, we think that classical Chinese teaching in primary school and junior high school has its own emphasis. In our usual teaching, we should do the following.

First of all, let students feel the rhythmic beauty of ancient poetry and enjoy reading. In teaching, we should highlight the role of reading aloud. Through model essay reading, guided reading, free reading, music reading and role exchange reading, students can directly feel the concise and rhythmic characteristics of ancient poetry from the sense of hearing, so that they can like it in repeated reading.

Second, let students master some methods of understanding and reading ancient poems, so that they can study with confidence. We should give them ways to learn ancient poetry, such as understanding the general idea with the help of notes, marking the method of pausing to read through sentences, and connecting with the meaning of modern literature to understand the artistic conception and feelings. Only by mastering the learning methods can students actively try to learn some interesting ancient poems by themselves, enhance their self-confidence and truly become masters of learning ancient poems.

Third, grasp the degree of translation requirements and let students learn to have personality. For students, the different meanings of ancient and modern characters are the difficulties for students to read and understand ancient Chinese, so how to grasp the standards when translating ancient Chinese into modern Chinese? I want to show that as long as students can say the general meaning of a sentence with the help of teachers or notes according to their own understanding and language habits of modern Chinese, they can't misinterpret and understand it well, that is, they don't emphasize the relative literal translation of ancient Chinese poems or explain the grammatical phenomena in ancient Chinese, such as the distinction between notional words and function words.

..... is also to judge sentence patterns and so on. Let the students express their understanding in personalized language.

Fourth, contact the original foundation, so that students can make progress on the basis of existing experience. The study of ancient Chinese is closely related to the study of modern Chinese, and some reading methods mastered in modern Chinese learning are also applicable to the reading comprehension of ancient Chinese. Therefore, we should pay attention to mobilizing students' previous learning experience, so that students can make continuous progress and improve on the existing basis and gain a brand-new reading experience of ancient Chinese poetry. Only in this way can we handle the differences and connections between ancient Chinese studies and modern Chinese studies. The purpose is to reduce the difficulty of learning ancient poetry and prose, build up psychological confidence for students, cultivate their feelings of being close to ancient poetry and prose, treat ancient poetry and prose correctly, and lay a foundation for them to appreciate and learn ancient poetry and prose in the future.

3. How can middle school students learn classical Chinese well and learn classical Chinese better is an urgent problem for middle school students now.

In order to make students accept classical Chinese better and learn it well, I make the following suggestions. 1. Analysis of the necessity of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

The new Chinese curriculum standard emphasizes: "Reading simple classical Chinese can help you understand the basic content with notes and reference books." It can be said that the new Chinese curriculum standard reduces the requirements for learning classical Chinese, and the items of the classical Chinese examination in the senior high school entrance examination are limited to textbooks. Theoretically, there should be a fairly ideal result, but the result is quite unexpected. I have investigated more than 50 Chinese teachers in middle schools, and found that in the process of classical Chinese teaching, most teachers pay great attention to sentence translation, memory and targeted exercises, and the teaching process is rigorous.

However, in the process of learning classical Chinese, most students think that the process of learning classical Chinese in this way is boring and inefficient, just like learning another foreign language. They even think that teaching classical Chinese well is teachers' wishful thinking, and students can only "roll with the punches". The reasons for the low learning efficiency of classical Chinese are: 1. Students leave the situation of understanding classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese is really not like modern Chinese, which makes students read fluently and understand the meaning. It is difficult for students to accept the complexity of translation, to understand the expression of stubborn teeth in classical Chinese and to understand the true and rich expression of ancient people's feelings.

For example, in Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, Zou Ji asks his wife, concubine and guests the same question: "Who am I, Xu Hongmei in the north of the city?" The wife said, "Your Majesty is very beautiful. How can Xu Can Palace compare with you?" The princess said, how can I compare with you? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not equal to your beauty." They replied with one voice, with the same meaning but different sentence patterns, and slightly changed words, but expressed different tones and different psychology of different characters.

When students understand the above content, they often start with words and sentence patterns, and then rush to answer the teacher's question "Why is the tone different?" Instead of experiencing it in a specific story situation. This understanding of classical Chinese is superficial, dull, vivid and not profound, and the mastery is hasty, hasty, unstable and firm.

2. Students leave the situation of using classical Chinese. Zhao Pu's Half Analects of Confucius Governing the World illustrates the importance of applying what you have learned.

However, in daily life, students' communication is not deliberately expressed in classical Chinese, and they think it is a rather pedantic performance. Kong Yiji's "Too much is too little, too much" is a proof. In the teaching class, our teachers may also ignore the particularity of the flexible use of classic sentences in different situations.

For example, teachers often describe it as a high-profile performance of the United States singing bad human rights at the United Nations, which is interpreted as ulterior motives. But at this time, "The Drunken Pavilion" should not be understood in this way.

In fact, the use of classical Chinese also requires students to have a certain cultural taste. Due to the limitation of students' cultural quality, students have a special liking for the emerging and simple network language, but ignore the use of classical Chinese.

3. Students leave the classical Chinese humanistic situation. Classical Chinese is rich in poetry and painting, exudes unique cultural charm and embodies profound national feelings.

However, students seem unable to understand the subtleties of classical Chinese. For example, in the article Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, students understand the important knowledge of "sense of worry" and "success in adversity". However, when asked about the modern significance of their sense of hardship and how to make themselves talents, students are at a loss.

The key lies in the lack of humanistic situation. The creation of humanistic situation in classical Chinese requires students to pay attention to contemporary social and cultural life, pay attention to the cultivation of their own quality, and strive to be well cultivated in the study of classical Chinese, improve their life quality and cultivate healthy personality.

For example, the creation of the humanistic situation of "anxiety consciousness" makes students worry about the war in peacetime, the environment of developing society, and the incurable diseases in a better life ... Let students learn from the broad mind of the ancients, shoulder the responsibility of inheriting excellent civilization, and establish a correct outlook on life and values. It can be seen that it is very necessary to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

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4. How to guide students to learn classical Chinese recommended reading:

What are the effective ways to learn classical Chinese?

First, guide students to repeat.

Reading aloud is an important method and basic skill for learning classical Chinese. Reading aloud means reading the text repeatedly on the basis of initial understanding, gradually deepening understanding and gaining relatively solid and rich perceptual knowledge.

Every time you read a classical Chinese, you should read the whole article first, grasp its main idea first, then remove the obstacles in reading with the help of reference books, understand difficult words, difficult words and sentences, further understand its meaning, and then understand the whole article sentence by sentence. This is an old saying of China, "You can read a book a hundred times before you can see it". Read more and read well, and your understanding will naturally deepen. Familiarity with reading can deepen understanding, and what you understand will make your memory stronger. It often happens that after reading a classical Chinese, although I am familiar with it, I sometimes swallow it without really understanding it, but after a while, I will suddenly become enlightened and understand a lot.

Read aloud with accurate pronunciation, clear sentences (not broken sentences) and intonation.

Second, guide students to master the laws of language

The biggest obstacle to learning classical Chinese is language, which requires us to truly master the general rules of classical Chinese words and ancient Chinese.

1, the word attention is ambiguous.

For classical Chinese vocabulary, we should read and understand it accurately, and draw inferences from pronunciation to word meaning. Sometimes, the meaning and usage of the same word are different in different language environments. For example, the word "Xu" in the sentence "From Fuyang to Tonglu, it is a hundred miles" means "many, about". In the sentence "Qin Qiang Zhao Wei is weak, we must allow it", which means "promise". Another example is the word "give up" in the Peach Blossom Garden. First, "give up the boat in the mouth", and "give up" as a verb means "put down" and "give up"; Secondly, the word "she" in the sentence "The house looks like" is read as a noun, which means "the house". If you can notice similar phenomena in your study, it is not difficult to read classical Chinese.

Step 2 find interchangeable words

Borrowing a homonym or similar word to replace this word is a common word, which can't be ignored when learning classical Chinese. For example, there is "only bones" in Wolf, and "only" means "only bones". Another example is the word "board" in Folklore, which means "there are more than 20 kinds of words in each word, which are used to prepare repeated words in the same edition". Others such as "Shuo" means "Yue", "Nv" means "Ru", "Jian" means "Now" and "You" means "Wear".

3. Master the application of function words in classical Chinese.

Function words in classical Chinese often appear in classical Chinese, and the same function word appears many times in a classical Chinese with different usages. We must pay attention to the function of function words in sentences to reduce the difficulty of learning. For example, the function word "er" appears many times in the classical Chinese "Snake Catcher". The word "er" in Black and White is used as a conjunction and the table is tied; The word "er" in "number transfer" is used as a conjunction to indicate modification; As a conjunction, the word "er" in "Call for deficiency and toxic sores is often associated with the dead" indicates cause and effect; "and I use the word" er "as a conjunction to indicate a turning point; The word "er" in "According to it, my snake still exists" is used as a conjunction to indicate sequential connection. For example, the word "zhi" can be used in three ways: as a pronoun, an auxiliary word and a verb. For example, the word "zhi" in Wei Xue is used as a pronoun substitute; The word "zhi" in "Look, that monster is also" in "Guizhou Donkey" is a pronoun used to replace "donkey". As an auxiliary word, the word "zhi" in Bian Que meets Cai Huangong is equivalent to "de". Another example is the word "Zhi" in Xue Wei's The South China Sea I Want, which is used as a verb and is equivalent to "Qu", "Dao" and "Qu".

4. Find out the similarities and differences between ancient and modern sentences.

Generally speaking, there is little difference between ancient and modern sentence structures, but due to the development of language, some sentences have changed, which is also an obstacle to learning.

(1) In modern Chinese sentences, a judgment word "yes" is added between the subject and the object, but in classical Chinese, it is expressed in the form of "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2) In classical Chinese, passive sentences are often expressed by function words such as "Yu", "Wei", "Jian" and "Wei ……", which is different from the preposition "Bei" commonly used in modern Chinese, such as "If you don't have it, if you belong to it, you will be captured".

(3) The general form of modern Chinese is that the verb precedes the object, while the object precedes the verb in classical Chinese under certain conditions, such as "Who do we belong to?" "Is Pei Hongan there?" Sentences like "The ancients were not domineering", when we study, we should be good at comparison and master its laws. With more experience, it's easier to tell the difference.

Thirdly, students are required to do translation exercises frequently.

Translation is an extremely important comprehensive training, which can not only deepen the understanding of classical Chinese, but also improve the ability to use modern Chinese. For translation, we should be loyal to the original text, not look at the literal meaning, be fluent and easy to understand, and conform to the norms of modern Chinese. When translating, we should stick to the text, make clear the original meaning of words, and achieve the implementation of words, words and sentences. If you follow the above steps and make more efforts, you can learn classical Chinese well.

5. How to learn to write sentences in classical Chinese is a common written language based on ancient Chinese before the May 4th Movement.

Simply put, classical Chinese is an article written in classical Chinese. Generally speaking, the concept of classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.

As the saying goes, there are four different words to express this kind of relativity, one is wisdom, Hu, Zhe and Ye, and the other is yes, Mo and La. Those who use it, Hu, Zhe and Ye are classical Chinese, while those who use it, you, Mo and La are vernacular Chinese. China has a long history and splendid culture for thousands of years. In the middle school stage, learning some representative classical Chinese, understanding some explanatory classical Chinese materials, understanding the general sentence patterns of classical Chinese and cultivating the reading ability of simple classical Chinese are conducive to inheriting the ancient cultural heritage, absorbing the essence of predecessors' thoughts and improving their own cultural literacy.

The rich knowledge in classical Chinese, the traditional virtues contained in it, and the description of the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland are also good materials for middle school students to carry out materialism and patriotism education; Absorbing some essence of classical Chinese can also improve the understanding and expression ability of modern Chinese. So middle school students should learn classical Chinese well. How can we learn classical Chinese well? Note the following points.

First, cultivate and improve the interest in learning classical Chinese. An educator in Japan said: Do you want to create mediocrity? Quite simply, it is to make him not interested in anything. It can be seen that interest is important for learning.

Interest in learning is the core factor of students' learning consciousness and enthusiasm, and it is the enhancer of learning classical Chinese well. Only when middle school students are interested in classical Chinese will they like learning, and they will continue to learn and learn well.

Not all the contents of classical Chinese can arouse students' interest, which requires middle school students to cultivate their indirect interest in learning and form a good sense of learning responsibility and obligation. How can I get interested in classical Chinese? First of all, students should make it clear that classical Chinese is a record of ancient rich culture. Only by learning classical Chinese well can they find their favorite contents and useful knowledge in the ocean of ancient documents and stimulate students' curiosity and interest in learning.

Second, strengthen the effect of learning classical Chinese, so that students can have certain learning ability to cope with and learn new classical Chinese and stimulate interest. Third, teachers or students should actively create practical activities to use classical Chinese, so that they can experience the joy of success in participating in teaching and learning activities, so as to enhance their interest in learning classical Chinese.

Fourth, under the guidance of teachers, students should increase the reading of classical Chinese, get in touch with classical Chinese as much as possible, and consolidate their interest in learning. With the interest in learning, this is the premise of learning classical Chinese well.

Second, the cultivation of special abilities The ability to learn classical Chinese is a special ability. Special learning ability is composed of general ability of Chinese learning.

General abilities include memory, understanding, imagination, feeling and so on, which everyone has. Students who want to learn classical Chinese well should analyze and understand their own abilities in order to give full play to their strengths. The ability to learn classical Chinese is a combination of several learning abilities used to learn classical Chinese.

Therefore, special ability is not a single one, but an organic combination of several general abilities that appear and form after repeated use in classical Chinese learning practice. When learning classical Chinese, we should try to figure it out carefully, consciously give play to our general strengths, and form our own unique ability to learn classical Chinese.

When cultivating and exercising the ability to learn classical Chinese, don't make a "formula" of the ability behind closed doors. You should be a conscientious person in creative study and practice, sum up the effective combination of abilities in time, learn classical Chinese, and be handy and proficient. Middle school students should enrich their general ability bit by bit and cultivate their special ability to learn classical Chinese as soon as possible.

With the ability to learn classical Chinese, classical Chinese is easy to learn. Ok, practice more.