As an active employment policy in colleges and universities, entrepreneurship drives employment, which frequently appears in various policy texts, notices and reports. How does entrepreneurship promote employment, what is the effect and how to implement it? The author tries to sort out the relationship between entrepreneurship and employment in colleges and universities from three dimensions: historical logic, theoretical logic and practical logic, and puts forward the action direction of entrepreneurship and employment in colleges and universities.
The educational nature of colleges and universities determines that the logical starting point for colleges and universities to talk about entrepreneurship and employment must be entrepreneurship education, employment guidance or employment education.
First of all, in historical logic, entrepreneurship education in China originated from 1997 Tsinghua University, offering innovative entrepreneurship courses, focusing on enterprise management; It was conceived in the "Innovation Ability Improvement Plan of Colleges and Universities (20 1 1 plan)" promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 20 12, and it was proposed to cultivate innovative talents. The "Implementation Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities" issued by the State Council Boxing 20 15 defines the bilateral relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship, and puts forward that the value of innovation and entrepreneurship education should be to enhance students' innovative spirit, entrepreneurial awareness and innovative and entrepreneurial ability.
Employment education can be traced back to the graduation distribution policy of unified recruitment and unified separation implemented in China's planned economy era. Colleges and universities enroll students as planned, graduates are allocated according to their needs, and degrees are equivalent to posts. In the historical process of the evolution from planned economy to market economy, employment education emphasizes two-way choice, supply and demand docking, and matching between people and posts, mainly to guide students to choose suitable jobs for employment. When higher education enters the stage of popularization, academic qualifications are no longer equal to positions, and entrepreneurship has become one of the choices for graduates to "find jobs".
It can be seen that from a historical perspective, entrepreneurship promoting employment is an inevitable product of the evolution of higher education in China, which shows the historical track of higher education reform in China.
Secondly, in theoretical logic, entrepreneurship has a positive creation effect and multiplication effect on employment, as well as a reverse crowding-out effect and an uncertain spillover effect. The intuitive understanding is that graduates can create new jobs by starting new enterprises, which can not only solve their own employment problems, but also provide certain jobs. The research shows that each entrepreneur can drive 5-6 people to get jobs on average, which has a multiplier effect, and the multiplier effect is different in different regions of China.
On the premise that the total market volume remains unchanged or even decreases, new enterprises occupy the market share of existing enterprises, or directly squeeze existing enterprises out of the market, resulting in the reduction or disappearance of jobs provided by existing enterprises. Generally speaking, the internal structure of new enterprises is relatively simple compared with existing enterprises, and the supply of jobs they can provide is relatively limited. College graduates' entrepreneurship is mostly opportunism, which poses an obvious competitive threat to existing enterprises. In order to face the competition of new enterprises, existing enterprises will innovate in products, processes or processes, and then create new jobs. It may also be because of the improvement of technological innovation and intelligence, resulting in a decrease in manpower and a decrease in the total number of jobs. Obviously, theoretically, the relationship between the number of start-ups and the total number of jobs is not necessarily an intuitive "drive", but related to the types of start-ups, the total market, the location and other factors.
Thirdly, in practical logic, with the continuous promotion of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, the vigorous development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, the policies to support college students' entrepreneurship have been introduced one after another, and the ecological environment for graduates' entrepreneurship has been continuously improved. According to the data of "20021China University Students' Entrepreneurship Report", from 2005 to 2020, the development index of youth entrepreneurship in China rose from 100 to 6500. 96. 1% of college students have had the idea and willingness to start a business, and 14% of college students have started a business or are ready to start a business. The "ready entrepreneurs" in the eyes of venture capital institutions are only 2. 12%. Empirical research shows that there is a "U" relationship between entrepreneurship and employment. In the initial stage (1-2 years), entrepreneurship has a small-scale driving effect on employment, and in the later stage (8 years later), entrepreneurship has a large-scale driving effect on employment. In the mid-term, the crowding-out effect of new ventures on existing enterprises is more obvious, which has a negative effect on employment. In reality, the success rate of new ventures is very low. The data shows that the global success rate of college students' entrepreneurship is 20%, and the province with the highest success rate of college students' entrepreneurship in China is Zhejiang, which is only 4%. The low success rate of college students' entrepreneurship determines that the promotion of entrepreneurship to employment mostly occurs in the early stage of entrepreneurship, and the scale is small, and the promotion of entrepreneurship to employment is limited.
It can be seen that from a practical point of view, entrepreneurship drives employment mainly from a few new enterprises with high innovation content and long survival time. The success rate of college students' entrepreneurship is low, which has limited driving effect on employment. In practice, market players should be encouraged to promote employment through entrepreneurship.
To sum up, college entrepreneurship should be based on education, organically integrate innovation and entrepreneurship education with employment education, and form a spiral rise of students' employment and entrepreneurship.
The first is to integrate the concept of innovation and entrepreneurship education into the quality of students' employment. Innovation and entrepreneurship education is the education of quality and ability. Guide students' emotional attitude and value orientation in employment and entrepreneurship with socialist core values, take root in China, work hard, integrate into the times and the motherland, and establish a positive outlook on success, entrepreneurship and employment.
The second is to internalize innovation and entrepreneurship education into students' employability. Respect students' individual differences, give full consideration to students' specialty, personality and career choice, and carry out the education of "innovation and entrepreneurship+specialty+occupation" in combination with the present situation, characteristics and needs of society, enterprises and industries to improve students' knowledge application and innovation ability, communication ability, coordination ability and cooperation ability.
Third, the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship extends to the employment of students. Guide students to participate in innovation and entrepreneurship practice, participate in innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, verify creativity in practice, improve entrepreneurial projects, and provide joint incubation services for student entrepreneurial projects.
The fourth is to expand the innovation and entrepreneurship platform into employment resources for students. Give full play to the role of innovation and entrepreneurship education demonstration schools, creative spaces, incubators, accelerators and other platforms, gather employment and entrepreneurship resources from all walks of life, provide efficient and convenient employment and entrepreneurship services for college students, and provide venues, funds and other support.
(Author Xiao, Associate Dean and Associate Research Fellow, School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies)