1. Positivism mode: Positivism mode refers to a scientific education mode based on natural science from the second half of the 9th century to the first half of the 20th century. This model emphasizes observation, experiment and verification, and holds that scientific knowledge should be based on objective facts and empirical evidence, thus promoting social and technological progress.
2. Social reconstruction model: Social reconstruction model refers to a scientific education model with critical theory and sociology as the core that appeared in the middle and late 20th century. This model emphasizes the interactive relationship between scientific knowledge and practice and social culture, politics and values, and tries to solve the problem of the influence of scientific and technological development on human survival and environment.
3. Cognitive Constructivism Model: Cognitive Constructivism Model refers to a scientific education model based on psychology and pedagogy research in the late 20th century and early 20th century. This model emphasizes the individual's cognitive construction process and thinking mode, and promotes students' active learning and understanding of scientific knowledge through inspiring teaching and inquiry learning.
4. Scientific culturalism mode: Scientific culturalism mode refers to a scientific education mode with the goal of spreading scientific culture and scientific literacy since the 20th century. This model emphasizes the extensive dissemination of scientific knowledge and social participation, regards science as a culture and value system, and hopes to promote the all-round development and progress of society and mankind through the development and application of science.