1. polis system In the unique geographical environment of the Mediterranean Greek Peninsula and under certain historical conditions, there were about 200 small slave countries in Greece in the 8th-6th century BC, which were called "polis" or "polis" in history. A small country with few people is a striking feature of a city-state. Polis generally includes urban areas and surrounding rural areas. In the eyes of ancient Greeks, "city-state" is the common group, common region and absolute independence of politics and economy of the same blood group. There are various forms of Greek city-state government, which can be roughly divided into democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. Among them, Athens and Sparta are the most famous city-states. Sparta practiced aristocracy, and Athens was famous for its democracy. The citizen politics carried out by the Greek city-state made the citizens of the city-state enjoy more full political rights. In particular, the democracy in Athens provided valuable experience for future generations.

2. Democracy in Athens (1) The establishment of democracy: monarchy-aristocracy-Solon reform-Christini reform, and finally the establishment of democracy. (2) Basic characteristics: people's sovereignty and rule by turns. (3) Evaluation: On the one hand, it is pointed out that the democratic politics in Athens is the product of a sparsely populated Greek city-state, which has its limitations of the times. The results caused by citizens' direct participation in politics and taking turns to sit in villages are not always fair, and the democratic rule in Athens still serves the slave-owning class; On the other hand, it should be pointed out that the value and significance of Athenian democracy lies in that it provides a most valuable form of government for future generations and points out a way to improve the form of political organization in human civilization. Democracy in Athens was very progressive at that time. Therefore, the democracy in Athens is worthy of being a model of slavery democracy in Greece.

3. The Greek polis has its own characteristics: ① independence. Not attached to any political forces, it has its own legal system, officials, courts and so on. Even if they are allied, these city-states have no supreme authority and are not subordinate to each other. ② Direct democracy. The supreme power belongs to the citizens' assembly, which is related to the military democracy in primitive society, which is not available in the East. It can elect officials, make judgments and so on, and the authority of the citizens' assembly is higher than that of any individual. Three citizens. Citizens have the right to vote and stand for election, while border residents, foreigners, serfs and women have no civil rights. Citizens account for only a few percent of all people. (4) Mandatory official system. There is no formal salary, and it depends entirely on voluntary service. According to the general assembly, the elected posts are usually temporary and end after serving, with only a few fixed posts. Later, the official compensation system was adopted, which improved the enthusiasm of citizens to participate in politics to a certain extent. ⑤ Legal system. The country should be governed by law and have a strict judicial system. Usually the founder is the most important legislator. Contradictions and struggles between citizens often have the tradition of solving them by law first, and armed confrontation is only used when absolutely necessary. Athens is the main city-state of ancient Greece and the birthplace of democratic political thought. Democracy in Athens is the narrowest and most substantial democracy in history. The narrowest means that too few people enjoy democratic rights; The most substantial means that all citizens have direct and equal rights in legislation and public affairs governance. Due to the different geographical environment and economic characteristics, two different political systems, Greek and Roman, appeared in ancient China. China's ancient political system was centered on autocratic centralization. The autocratic centralization of authority lasted for more than two thousand years in China, which had a far-reaching impact on the formation and development of China's unified multi-ethnic country, state system and political power, bureaucracy and administration, and even culture and education.

China's early national political system began to appear with the establishment of the Xia hereditary system. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it experienced the transformation from the national alliance to the co-ownership of the world. The centralization established by the Qin Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on the social development of China for more than two thousand years. At the same time, the struggle between centralization and decentralization lasted for a long time, but the general trend was that the autocratic imperial power was strengthened day by day. Pay attention to several key points: first, the internal and external service system of Shang Dynasty and the enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system of Western Zhou Dynasty; Second, the unification of Qin and the system of "emperor", "three public officials and nine ministers" and the county system; Third, the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms in Han Dynasty and the centralization measures of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the situation of the separatist regime of the buffer region in Tang Dynasty and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, and the measures to strengthen centralization in the early Song Dynasty; Fourth, the establishment of the six-part system in Sui and Tang Provinces and the evolution of Song and Yuan Dynasties, the autocratic monarchy system in Ming and Qing Dynasties was strengthened day by day, and the Qing Dynasty reached its peak.