2020 primary and secondary school teacher qualification examination is easy to confuse knowledge points 1, Mencius VS Xunzi.
Mencius: theory of good nature, endogenous theory (the inducement of individual physical and mental development)
Xunzi: the theory of evil nature, the theory of external causes (the inducement of individual physical and mental development).
2. Bacon VS Comenius
Bacon: This is the first time that pedagogy should be regarded as an independent discipline.
Comenius: The book "Great Teaching Theory" marks that pedagogy has become an independent discipline.
Formula: Bacon first proposed and praised the realization of beauty.
3. Rousseau VS Dewey
Rousseau: the first discovery of children.
Dewey: Child-centered.
4. Comenius VS Herbart
Comenius, the father of pedagogy, made pedagogy an independent discipline.
Herbart: the father of modern pedagogy and scientific pedagogy, making pedagogy a standardized and independent discipline.
5. The Book of Learning and Speaker Education
Xue Ji: 1. The earliest educational monograph in the world; 2. The rudiment of pedagogy.
On speaker education: 1. The earliest educational monograph in the west; 2. The first book about teaching methods in the world.
6. Curriculum plan and curriculum standards
Curriculum plan: a guiding document on school education and teaching made by the administrative department of education according to certain educational objectives and training objectives.
Curriculum standard: a guiding document on the content, implementation and evaluation of a subject compiled by the state in the form of an outline according to the curriculum plan.
7. Theme courses and activity courses
Theme course: represented by Herbart and Spencer, mainly studying indirect experience.
Activity course: represented by Dewey, mainly studying direct experience.
8. Imbalance and individual differences
Unbalance: every student's physical and mental development is fast and slow, early and late. Therefore, we should seize the critical period in education and teach in time.
Individual differences: groups and groups are different, and each student is different. Therefore, we should teach students in accordance with their aptitude in education.
9. The academic system of Renyin and Guimao
China's earliest modern school education system.
The earliest modern school education system in China.
10, heredity VS individual subjective initiative VS school education
Heredity: the premise and foundation of human physical and mental development.
Individual subjective initiative: the decisive factor to promote individual development.
School education plays a leading role in human development.
1 1, explicit course VS implicit course
Explicit curriculum: presented in a direct and obvious way, one of the main features is planning, and the most typical one is the curriculum in the curriculum.
Hidden curriculum: various factors that form students' informal learning, such as the physical environment, atmosphere, system and interpersonal relationship of the school.
12, old three VS new three.
The old three centers: "classroom center", "textbook center" and "teacher center" were put forward by Herbart.
The new three centers: children's center, activity center and experience center, proposed by Dewey.
13, intentional attention VS intentional attention.
Intentional attention: also known as casual attention, it is a kind of attention that has a pre-purpose, requires will and effort when necessary, and takes the initiative to pay attention to something.
Intentional attention: also known as casual attention, it is a special form of attention, which refers to conscious attention without will.
14, punishment VS negative reinforcement
Punishment: giving disgust stimulation to reduce the frequency of behavior, failing the exam and being criticized.
Negative reinforcement: get rid of the aversion to stimulation and increase the frequency of behavior, such as avoiding punishment, not running red lights and obeying traffic rules.
15, generalization and differentiation
Summary: Respond to similar stimuli in the same way. For example, children are afraid of injections and are afraid when they see white clothes.
Distinguish: distinguish different stimuli and make different responses, such as dogs that are afraid of dogs, but only afraid of dogs that may bite, such as Tibetan mastiffs.
16, fixed mentality and functionality
Mind set: the psychological tendency to persist in using the methods that have been proved to be effective to solve new problems. For example, a table has four corners. If you cut off 1 corner, most people will think that there are three corners left.
Fixed function: When people perceive an object, they often know it only from its general function. For example, forks are generally used to eat noodles, and few people think that they can also be used to cut fruits.
17, diagnostic evaluation VS formative evaluation VS summative evaluation.
Diagnostic evaluation: the evaluation of students' existing knowledge level and ability development before teaching.
Formative evaluation: in teaching, students' learning effect is determined, and oral questions, quizzes and classroom questions are conducted.
Summative evaluation: after the teaching, test the learning achievement, evaluate the learning achievement, and take the final and mid-term exams.
18, demonstrating VS experiment.
Demonstration method: the main body is the teacher, and the teacher demonstrates.
Experimental method: Students are the main body, and students do experiments.
In 2020, the multiple-choice questions of the teacher qualification examination must recite 55 golden sentences, 1, and the broad education includes school education, social education and family education.
2. In China, the word education first appeared in Mencius, and Mencius was the first person to use both "teaching" and "education".
3. Educators, educatees and educational influence are the basic elements of educational activities, among which school teachers are the main body of educators and play a leading role.
The earliest knowledge in the world was born in ancient Egypt in 2500 BC, and the earliest school in China was born in Xia Dynasty.
5. Xue Ji is the earliest teaching monograph in ancient China and even in the world. Xue Ji's educational principles are: teaching should learn from each other's strengths, teaching should be timely, practice should not pay attention to frugality, be good at saving losses, be strong and restrained, be open and reach, learn without delay, and hide and supplement information.
6. Confucius thought: teaching without division, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, not being angry and threatening, not being angry and threatening, and steadily implementing.
7. Socrates' greatest contribution to educational theory is "midwifery", whose essence is heuristic teaching.
Aristotle is an encyclopedic philosopher in ancient Greece, who first put forward the view that "education follows nature".
9. quintilian was the first educator in the west who devoted himself to education. The representative work "The Principle of Eloquence" is the first educational monograph in the West and the first teaching method book in the world. The budding of class teaching system.
10, bacon first proposed pedagogy as an independent discipline. Kant first taught pedagogy in universities.
1 1. Czech educator Comenius is known as the "father of pedagogy". His book "Great Teaching Theory" marks the beginning of the formation of an independent discipline of pedagogy, and puts forward "all-round intelligence" education, that is, education should adapt to the natural thought, and theoretically discusses the class teaching system for the first time.
12, Rousseau is a French educator, and his masterpiece Emile put forward naturalistic education and children-oriented thought.
13, Locke is a British educator. His masterpiece "Random Talk on Education" puts forward "gentleman education" and "whiteboard theory".
14, British educator Spencer first put forward "what knowledge is the most valuable", and his masterpiece "Teaching Theory" put forward that "education is to prepare for a happy life".
15, German educator Herbart is known as "the father of modern pedagogy", and his representative work General Pedagogy marks the establishment of normative pedagogy, which puts forward educational principles (teaching is always educational) and four-stage teaching method (clarity, association, system and method), and advocates three centers of traditional education-teacher center, textbook center and classroom center.
16. Dewey, an American educator, is a representative figure of modern educational theory. His masterpiece Democracy and Education advocates that education is growth, education is life, education is the transformation of experience, and education has no purpose. It advocates "new three centers" (children center, activity center and experience center) and "learning by doing".
17. Pedagogy, edited by Kailov, a Soviet educator, is recognized as the first Marxist pedagogy work in the world.
18, Yang Xianjiang's New Education Outline is the first Marxist pedagogy work in China.
19, China's famous educators include Cai Yuanpei who advocates "five educations" and "aesthetic education instead of religion", Tao Xingzhi, a great people's educator, Yan, the father of civilian education, Huang Yanpei, a pioneer of vocational education, Liang Shuming, a pioneer of rural education movement, etc.
20. The essential attribute of education is to cultivate people's social activities purposefully. The social attributes of education are eternity, historicity, inheritance, class nature and relative independence.
2 1. The level of productivity development restricts the educational purpose, curriculum and content, the scale and speed of educational development, the school structure, and the methods, means and organizational forms of learning.
22. Socio-economic system determines the purpose and leadership of education.
23. Education has the functions of screening, sorting, transmitting and preserving culture, spreading and exchanging culture, and renewing and creating culture.
24. The relative independence of education is reflected in the imbalance with the development of productive forces and political and economic systems, its own inheritance and the influence of other social ideologies.
25. The factors that affect an individual's physical and mental development include heredity (prerequisite), environment (possibility), education (leading factor) and individual's subjective initiative (decisive factor).
26. The main types of various education systems are: dual-track system (represented by Britain and France), single-track system (represented by the United States) and branch education system (China and the former Soviet Union).
27. The modern school system in old China included: 1902 Renyin School System (also known as imperial academy Charter, the first modern school system promulgated by the Qing government, but not implemented), 1904 Guimao School System (also known as imperial academy Charter, the first formally implemented modern school system),/.
28. The curriculum plan is subdivided into curriculum standards, which are textbooks.
29. The basic characteristics of perception are integrity, selectivity, understanding and constancy.
30. Classification of attention: unintentional attention (no predetermined purpose, no will to work), intentional attention (previous purpose, no will to work), intentional attention (conscious purpose, no will to work).
3 1. The quality of attention includes the breadth, stability, distribution and transfer of attention.
32. Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve" shows that the progress of forgetting is unbalanced, and its law is fast first and then slow, showing a negative acceleration trend. If you forget it to a certain extent, you will not be forgotten.
33. The characteristics of creative thinking include fluency, flexibility, uniqueness and sensitivity.
34. Piaget divides children's cognitive development into four stages: perceptual motor stage (0-2 years old), pre-operation stage (2-7 years old), concrete operation stage (7-11year old) and formal operation stage (1~/kloc-).
35. Eriksson divides personality development into eight stages. The main crises in early middle school (3~6 years old) are the sense of initiative and guilt, the main crises in school age (6~ 12 years old) are the sense of diligence and inferiority, and the main crises in adolescence (12~ 18 years old) are self-identity and role confusion.
In the process of learning, students' academic performance and learning efficiency stagnate for a period of time, and even the phenomenon of being vague about what they have learned is called "plateau phenomenon".
37. According to the intensity, duration and tension of emotional state, emotions can be divided into emotions, passions and pressures.
38. Positive transfer is the positive promotion of one kind of learning to another learning period, while negative transfer is the mutual interference and hindrance between the two kinds of learning. Level of migration is the influence between experiences at the same generalization level, and vertical migration is the mutual influence between experiences at different generalization levels.
39. Ice compress within 24 hours after sprain, and hot compress after 24 hours.
40. The psychological structure of morality includes four basic psychological components: moral cognition (the core of individual morality), moral emotion (perception, imagination and ethics), moral will and moral behavior (the fundamental symbol to measure moral level).
4 1. The principles of moral education include: directional principle (guiding principle), guiding principle, combination of respecting and trusting students with strict requirements, consistency and coherence of educational influence, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, unity of knowing and doing, developing positive factors, overcoming negative factors (saving lost), combination of positive education and discipline, and combination of collective education and individual education.
42. Moral education methods: persuasion education method, model demonstration method, edification education method (emotional edification method), practical exercise method (practical exercise method, practical exercise method, guiding practice method and exercise method), moral cultivation guidance method (personal cultivation method) and moral evaluation method.
43. The class collective is organized according to the training objectives and educational norms of the class teaching system, and it is an activity community composed of class students with specific objectives, strong leadership core and good discipline and public opinion. Class collective is an advanced form of class collective.
44. A comprehensive understanding and study of students is the premise and foundation for the class teacher to work effectively.
45. The core formation stage of class collective is that there is a certain understanding and trust between teaching and students, and between students, and the class organization is relatively sound.
46. Class collective development stage: (1) initial construction stage-loose group stage; (2) Formation stage-cooperative group stage; (3) maturity-collective stage, with clear and commonly recognized goals.
47. Demonstration method, teachers guide students to acquire knowledge or consolidate knowledge by showing objects, visual teaching AIDS, demonstration experiments or modern audio-visual teaching methods. Its characteristic is to strengthen the intuition of teaching.
48. Dalton system means that teachers no longer systematically teach textbooks to students in class, but only make self-study reference books and assign homework to students. Students work independently and ask teachers for guidance when they have problems. After students complete a certain stage of learning tasks, they report their learning situation to the teacher and accept the assessment.
49. Trump system, also known as "flexible course". Large class (40%), small class research (20%) and individual teaching (40%) are combined.
50, achievement motivation theory, that in a specific situation, if an individual tends to succeed more than to avoid failure, then he dares to take risks to try and pursue success. If it is easy to succeed, it will reduce his learning motivation.
5 1, success or failure attribution theory, Weiner believes that attribution includes six factors: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck, physical and mental state and external environment, as well as three dimensions of six factors: source, stability and controllability.
52. learned helplessness is a state of depression experienced by individuals when they feel that nothing they do will affect their important life events. A student who always fails and attributes the failure to intrinsic, stable and uncontrollable (that is, low ability) will form a sense of learned helplessness's self.
53. Self-efficacy theory refers to people's subjective judgment on whether they can successfully engage in an achievement.
54, diagnostic evaluation, at the beginning of the semester or at the beginning of a teaching unit, to understand the students' learning preparation, etc.
55. Formative evaluation refers to the evaluation of students' learning process and results in order to improve and perfect teaching activities in the teaching process.
Writing skills of teacher qualification certificate in 2020: how to make an accurate thinking? First, the conception skills (the simplest and most commonly used): keyword method
The most common conception method-keyword analysis, the specific steps are as follows:
(1) Find keywords: usually words that can summarize the meaning of the full text in the material, mostly nouns and adjectives.
(2) Finding the logical relationship: determine the logical relationship between keywords, and determine the intention of the article through keywords.
(3) Analyze the meaning of keywords: transform the keywords of the article into words related to the theme.
(4) Determine intention: positive; Do not over-extend; Can summarize the material.
Second, the concept of accurate considerations
1, be sure to use these keywords often!
If students frequently appear these words in their composition, even if the marking teacher only glanced at your composition, you can see that you are writing according to the material, not writing nonsense, which is very important for the composition in the examination room! The central words in the material and the words in your mind should be the words with the highest frequency in the whole article. Note that the keywords mentioned here are not the words symbolized by themselves, but the words originally given by the material.
2. Good health.
What an article praises, criticizes or explains should be the education or inspiration of others after reading it. If this goal can be achieved, then this article is positive. For example, as a prospective teacher, if your article is negative, it is unhealthy.
3. Concentrate your thoughts
An article must be written around one center, not scattered, and there cannot be two (or more) centers.
4. Don't think too big.
If an article is too grand, it will lead to the whole article being too empty and general. It is best to conceive what to do, why to do it and how to do it from a certain angle.