Yanfu

John Mill, a famous British scientist, said, "If you want to test a country's written language, you can see its logic. It is impossible not to know the spoken and written languages of several countries." I was skeptical at first, but now I deeply believe it. It is impossible to sigh easily. Is it just scattered words, that is, the most important thing is whispering, the ancients have been learning all their lives. When it does something, it is rational to hide its heart, and it is eloquent and simple. Solids have their own reasons for this and how to spread them. Oh! What a coincidence! Because later generations read the books of the ancients, but never learned them, they are different from those who have learned them. Moreover, the situation lasts for a long time, the bamboo slips are wrong, and the voice changes, so the paragraphs are difficult to understand; If the customs are extraordinary, the meaning of things will be different. If the husband is so, although he is diligent in training and sparse in righteousness, the purpose of the ancients to show learning is more and more embarrassing. Therefore, it is difficult to read ancient books. Although, the reason why he carries on the family line is that he stands still. Make it rational and honest, and its affairs honest, so it is inseparable from national customs. So, whether it is spread here or seen there, things are the same. He who tests the Tao proves what the ancients told him with what he got from others. These words are clear and brilliant, just like a man who just woke up. Compared with being a scholar, his kindness and taste are definitely better than others. This is a great pleasure for people who really treat foreign languages. Today's husband Liuyi is also in China. The so-called sun, moon and sky are everywhere. But the most stringent of the six arts, Yi and Chunqiu. Sima Qian said, "The Book of Changes is hidden and obvious." Chunqiu was pushed to a hidden place. Today, the writing in this world is the best. At first, I used to refer to hidden people and look at conjunctions to judge good or bad luck; Introduce the hermit and criticize it. When we look at the study of western names, we can see that there are both internal brush techniques and external brush techniques. People who understand the whole thing by observing music, and people who hold music in order to understand music. Those who go out of the cloud, according to justice, judge everything and set a few precautions. But he overturned himself and sat up, saying, "Yes, yes, it's really the study of Yi and Chunqiu." . Those who move to the so-called hidden show will be exposed; The so-called push to see the hermit, internal erosion is also. When his words are written, they are written. The most important of the two is painting. Later, those who didn't know how to use it widely knew nothing about it and their skills. In the past 200 years, the academic prosperity in Europe is far ahead of that in ancient times. Those who think their income is fair and reasonable now see the extreme and can't waver any more. Gu Wu's income from the ancients is often the first, which is not what Fu Hui said. Let me give you an example of it burning without being false [[! B 1 1]], quality of the world. The most practical and practical example of western learning can resist the changes of Buddhism [[! B 12]], name, quantity, quality and strength [[! B 13]] the learning of the four has been. And my book of changes is named and counted as classic, quality and strength [[! B 14]] Thought latitude, so it was named Yi. Within Daewoo, quality and force push each other, and non-quality can't be seen and non-strength can't be presented. Strength is all dry, quality is all Kun. The third example of Naiduandong [[! B 15]], one of them said: "The static person is not automatic, and the dynamic person keeps moving; The road must be straight and the speed must be uniform. " This so-called worry about the past. Starting from oneself, learning the day after tomorrow will also benefit personnel. "Yi" says: "Quiet is also professional, and moving is also straight." [[! Two hundred years later, there was Spencer. B17]] A person who naturally expresses himself, writes books and makes sense. This is also a later masterpiece. It's [[! B 18]] yue: "we should combine quality and work hard [[! B 19]], simple at the beginning and mixed at the end [[! B20]]. And "Yi" says: "Kun is still, and the movement is also open [[! B2 1]]。 As for the theory that we will try our best not to increase or decrease [[! B22]], self-improvement first; Be sure to answer [[! B23]], there is a message [[! B24]]] The meaning lies in its beginning. And "easy to see, dry Kun or interest" [! B25]], especially "heat average, heaven and earth are destroyed"! B26]] Invented words are also invented. It can be noted that coupling is also true, although, by saying, it will be said that what he knows is what my Midlands used to have, or even that he learned it from Yu Donglai, but this has nothing to do with the fact that it is applicable to self-concealment. The ancients made it the end, and future generations should not be surprised; The ancients thought it was big, and later generations failed to explore its essence, so they were just uneducated people. Although my grandfather is very holy, how can I save my child's marriage? Generally, ancient books are difficult to read, especially China. Since 2000, scholars have been pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages, being complacent and carefree. People born today have turned to western learning and learned how to use the past. The person who knows can say, but the person who doesn't know is hard to say. The atmosphere is getting better and better, but scholars are puzzled [[! Feel ashamed. Western learning, ask Tu [[! B28]] More days. However, there are also one or two giants, [[! GF8D2]] However [[! B29]] refers to his essence, which is nothing more than the end of the picture; What he did was not more utilitarian. Imagination [[! B30]] It's not practical. Discuss national news and judge the enemy in the mirror [[! B3 1]], preferably broken. Huxley's book [[! B32]], this is the ancient people who saved Spencer as the last cure, and they are very close to me. And in the matter of self-improvement and species protection, I have repeatedly paid tribute to it. Summer is like a year, dialogue translation [[! B33]]. If there are many empty words with symbols, those who have not benefited from real politics will be impregnable and unsympathetic. Written in 1896, selected from Evolution.

[Notes] ① Famous scholar: Xue Ming, logic; Famous scientist, that is, logician. ② Fine skin cutting: the thin fingers are deep and subtle, and the skin and fingers are shallow. ③ Bamboo slips: Bamboo slips refer to bamboo slips, wooden slips, bamboo slips and wooden slips. Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips and bamboo slips were the most important forms of China's books. This refers to books. Follow the error: follow the fallacy. Bamboo slips refer to the following mistakes in copying and publishing books. (4) retribution of meaning: retribution is exegesis, which explains the meaning of words in ancient Chinese. Clear meaning, clear literal meaning. ⑤ Cheng Ying: Know its meaning well. ⑥ (chān) Bi: It means to occupy Bi, read aloud and recite. ⑦ plus sign: the meaning of transcendence. ⑧ The Book of Changes is hidden, and the Spring and Autumn Period is hidden: from Historical Records and Biography of Sima Xiangru. Implicit and explicit mean from implicit to explicit, from implicit to explicit. Inference to concealment means from obvious to hidden, from obvious to subtle. Pet-name ruby internal brush technique: induction. The skill of external scraping: deductive method. Attending painting: method. [[! B 1 1]] It is clear and credible. [[! B 12]] Fan Bian: Fan Bian, Fan Tong. Change; Change. [[! B 13]] Name, number, quality and strength: refers to logic, mathematics, chemistry and physics. [[! B 14]] mass and force: here mass refers to an object; Force refers to the interaction between objects. [[! B 15]] The third example of Naiduandong refers to the three laws of Newtonian mechanics. [[! B 16]] Being quiet is also an expert, and moving is also straight: from the Book of Changes, it means being single-minded when quiet and upright when moving. [[! Spencer: Spencer (1820— 1903), British sociologist. He applied the evolutionary theory of survival of the fittest to sociology. He is the author of Principles of Sociology. [[! B 18]] definition: definition. Give an accurate and brief explanation of the essential characteristics of a thing or the connotation and extension of a concept. [[! B 19]] the combination of matter and force: refers to the polymerization of matter and the release of energy by decomposition. [[! B20]] Simple at the beginning and mixed at the end: the evolution from simple to complex. [[! B2 1]] Kun is still, and his movements are unique: it comes from the Book of Changes, which means that Kun is closed and convergent when he is still, and everything is alive when he is moving. [[! B22]] The theory of trying one's best not to increase or decrease is the law of conservation of energy. [[! B23]] The saying that the motion of all things must be restored: that is, the third law of Newtonian mechanics, the acting force and reaction force between objects are equal, but in opposite directions. [[! B24]] Message: This refers to the ebb and flow of yin and yang. [[! B25]] Easy to be invisible, dry Kun or almost extinct: A sentence in the Book of Changes says that if it stops, dry Kun will almost stop. [[! B26]] Thermodynamic forces are average, and heaven and earth are destroyed: that is, the "thermal silence theory" advocated by the German physicist Clausius and others. [[! B27]] awkward (y m 4 n): shallow. [[! B28]] Ask for directions; Explore the doorway. [[! B29]][[！ GF8D2]](yí) Of course: arrogance. [[! B30]] Speculation: Arbitrary speculation. [[! B3 1]] Look at the enemy in the mirror: learn about the other person's situation and use it as your own reference. [[! B32]] I'm afraid: the same purpose. [[! B33]] Yi (y) Translation: Translation. [Appreciation] Yan Fu is "the first person to introduce modern ideas". Of the 6.5438+0.7 million words of western academic works translated by him, about one tenth are his own comments, expressing his understanding, thinking and interpretation of the translated works, which is why it is called "translated works". Yan Fu added a case while translating, "I have paid tribute to the matter of self-improvement and protection of species many times." Evolution, formerly known as Evolution and Ethics, is a collection of essays by British biologist Huxley. 1895, Yan Fu was defeated by China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, so he chose two of them, and it took him several months to translate them and renamed them The Theory of Evolution. "Natural evolution" is an English evolution translated by Yan Fu, that is, evolution, which originally refers to the biological evolution law of survival competition and natural selection discovered by Darwin. Huxley's evolution theory is based on Darwin's evolution theory. Its main argument is that organisms are evolutionary, not unchangeable, and the reason for evolution is "natural selection". "Natural selection" means biological competition, and "natural selection" means natural elimination. At first, it was a struggle between species, and later it developed into a struggle between groups. Only through natural selection of the law of the jungle can we get the most suitable survival and reproduction opportunities for heaven, earth and people. This law of natural selection applies not only to the whole biological world, but also to human society. Yan Fu's explanation of human society with biological laws cannot be said to be scientific. However, it is difficult to equate the right and wrong of a theory with its merits and demerits in social practice. Yan Fu told the Chinese people through Evolution that the competition for survival in human society is inevitable. As a weak country, China can only survive if it dares to resist the law of the jungle among countries and enhance national cohesion. Yan Fu believes that the survival of a nation is the result of self-improvement. Seen from the world, India and Poland have been carved up by the great powers. If the Chinese nation has not established a sense of competition with the external environment, then China will follow in the footsteps of Indian and Polish countries. It was the strong one in "natural selection" who invaded China. The urgent task of the Chinese nation in a weak position is to make a "map to preserve population evolution". Terms and concepts such as "natural selection", "survival competition", "natural elimination" and "survival of the fittest" were deeply rooted in people's hearts and deeply influenced the ideological circles at that time. After the publication of the Theory of Natural Evolution, Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools competed to take "natural selection" as their composition proposition. Feudal literati, such as Wu Rulun, not only appreciate the quaint and exquisite writing, but also feel that their profound comments are "helpful" for saving the country: "Yan Zi translated a book, not just an autobiography, which means that Huxley's theory of" ruling the country with people "is full of righteousness and dangerous words, which makes readers feel the changes and dangers of the country." Yan Fu told people that as long as we make great efforts to reform and reform, we will be able to enrich Qiang Bing and bring China back to the forefront of the world. Objectively, the theory of evolution has also become a theoretical tool for reformists to publicize reforms. Even Kang Youwei, who has always thought highly of himself, "has no eyes for such people" after reading The Theory of Evolution (Liang Qichao's Book with Mr. Yan Youling). In the conservative and dreary academic atmosphere at that time, in order to reduce the resistance to the spread of evolution, Yan Fu proposed in this preface that there was something harmonious between ancient China culture and western culture. In Yan Fu's view, the theory of "name, number, quality and strength" and Newton's three laws in western learning are consistent with the contents of "dry, quiet and expert, straight and moving" and "Kun, quiet and restrained, open and moving" From a methodological point of view, Yan Fu thinks that induction and deduction are also similar to Sima Qian's theory of "The Book of Changes reveals the hidden, and the Spring and Autumn Period deduces the hidden". In this preface, Yan Fu puts forward that "the theory of evolution is very close to our ancients", that is, he uses China's traditional thought of western learning to illustrate the value of western learning and remind people to learn western learning "to strive for self-improvement and protect species", that is, the theory of saving the nation from extinction. Yan Fu's Theory of Natural Evolution is not so correct in theory, because Yan Fu introduced Darwin's natural laws into human society and explained human social phenomena with biological laws. The laws of nature in biology and the development of human society are two different fields and cannot be confused. The principle of biological evolution of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" naturally rose to the height of saving the nation from extinction in crisis-ridden modern China. Yan Fu's theory of evolution can arouse patriotic waves in different social classes, which is inseparable from the demand of China people to resist aggression and strive for strength at that time. Yan Fu aroused Chinese people's sense of hardship and crisis, and played the role of ideological enlightenment. For example, the revolutionist in the early 20th century said nonsense: "Since Yan Shu's time, natural selection should be in people's hearts, but the people's feelings in China have changed, that is, the so-called people who are full of words and speak alone have been encouraged by the trend and Yan's achievements are also very detailed." (Han Min: On Hou's Recent Political Views, People's Daily, No.2) Among the reformists, Yan Fuyuan is not as irritable as Tan Sitong, nor as excited as Liang Qichao. From the beginning, his thought was aimed at improvement. He only recognizes the quantitative change of things, but not the drastic qualitative change, emphasizing the gradual evolution and improvement of society. This is the deficiency of Yan Fu's "learning the art of nature". However, the theory of evolution, which sounded the alarm of survival, was not only influenced by revolutionaries before the Revolution of 1911, but also influenced people's ideological and political "ability" during the New Culture Movement: "Since Yan Youling introduced an evolutionary book, we have often seen a lot of words such as" natural selection "and" survival of the fittest "in newspapers and periodicals. This new theory of19th century has become a common term in half-dead China. The present theory of evolution has the ability to control thoughts. No matter what philosophy, ethics, education, social organization, religious spirit and political facilities, there is no one who is not affected by it. " (Chen Jianshan: A Brief History of Evolution and Development, Min Duo, Vol.3, No.5 .. 1922 12 1) Natural selection with the aim of "natural selection" has fully influenced a generation of China people. Yan Fu is regarded as one of the representatives of modern China seeking truth from the West, worthy of the name.