The establishment of a large number of new schools in the late Qing Dynasty made the original ancient academic framework centered on imperial examinations and Confucian classics unable to adapt, and the establishment of a new academic system was put on the agenda. 1902 On August 5th, the Constitution of King James School formulated by Zhang Baixi, Minister of Management, was officially published. It is the first academic system document issued by China in modern times, and it is called "any printed academic system". Although this academic system was announced, it was not implemented and became the forerunner of the new academic system.
1903, Zhang Zhidong was ordered to enter Beijing to preside over the formulation of a new academic system. 1904 1 month, the Qing court approved the "Regulations on Playing Schools", which was called "Guimao Academic System". This is the first officially promulgated academic system in the history of education in China, and it has been widely implemented throughout the country. Its promulgation ended the state of running schools without regulations and systems in China for thousands of years, established the basic model and framework of modern academic system in China, and laid the first cornerstone of modern academic system in China. The educational system continued until the demise of the Qing Dynasty in 19 1 1.
Guimao Academic System includes 22 academic programs, general principles of school management, examination regulations, reward regulations, and school regulations at all levels. All kinds of schools, from Mongolian nursing homes to Confucian schools, from general education, normal education to industrial education, from the appointment of teachers to school management, from the purpose of running a school, training objectives, enrollment rules, study years, curriculum, teaching methods, instruments and equipment, school buildings to examinations and awards, have made detailed provisions.
This school system basically imitates Japan. It is vertically divided into three sections and seven grades, namely, primary education section (nursery school, primary school hall, higher primary school hall), secondary education section (middle school) and higher education section (higher school or pre-university school, branch school, Confucian school). It is stipulated that the primary school hall is 5 years, the higher primary school hall is 5 years, the middle school hall is 5 years, the higher school (university preparatory course) is 3 years, and the university hall is 3-4 years; That is, it takes about 22 years from primary school to college graduation. In addition, there is the highest level of Confucianism, with a five-year academic system. Horizontally, middle schools are divided into ordinary schools, industrial schools and normal schools. In addition to branch schools, there are excellent normal schools and higher industrial schools. Other institutions that belong to the nature of higher education include Foreign Languages College, Dialect College, Jinshi College and Official Training College. Thus, it constitutes a whole structure with three verticals and three horizontals.
"Guimao Academic System" embodies the principle of "Chinese style and western use", emphasizing the cultivation of students' character with Confucian ethics, supplemented by western skills, and strict discipline and management. The curriculum system is very prominent in moral education. Self-cultivation is listed as the first course in primary and secondary schools, and special lecture courses are offered. However, the training objectives and talent specifications of each school are different, which breaks through the single goal of traditional education to train bureaucratic elites. The stipulation of Mongolian nursing home in the Charter of Quding School is the beginning of the formal establishment of China's preschool education system. Primary schools and secondary schools are divided into official, public and private schools, which also breaks the situation that Confucian classics dominate the world in teaching content. Take middle school as an example, its study subjects include: self-cultivation, classic reading and lectures, Chinese characters, foreign languages (Japanese, English or German, French and Russian), history, geography, mathematics, natural history, physics and chemistry, legal system and financial management, drawing, gymnastics and so on. Course 12, class at 36 o'clock every week, classic reading and lectures at 9 o'clock every week. "Guimao Academic System" has established a separate normal education system, which is divided into two levels: primary normal schools and excellent normal schools, and stipulates that normal students do not pay tuition fees, thus attracting many children from poor families to enter school. In addition, an industrial education system has been established. Industrial schools are divided into five categories: industrial teacher workshops, agricultural schools, industrial schools, commercial schools and merchant schools, and each industrial school is divided into three levels: advanced, intermediate and junior.
The constitution of the Conservatory of Music stipulates that the purpose of the university hall is to abide by laws and regulations, correct the trend and cultivate generalists. University auditorium is effective for appointing talents with various academic and artistic abilities. "It is a compromise to stipulate that the university hall is divided into eight subjects, and Confucian classics is listed as the first of group studies. But after all, it broke the traditional academic pattern of "four studies" composed of Confucian classics, history, philosophers and ci chapters, and laid the foundation of modern academic disciplines. After the founding of the Republic of China, universities were divided into seven subjects: literature, science, law, business, medicine, agriculture and engineering, thus completing the transformation from the traditional "four studies" to the modern "seven studies".
1905 12. The Qing government established the Ministry of Education, which was the first time in the history of China to establish a formal, independent and specialized central education administrative institution. Previously, the education administration in Qing Dynasty was centered around the imperial examination, and did not directly face all kinds of schools. The educational management function at the national level belongs to imperial academy and the Ministry of Rites. Imperial academy is not only the highest institution of higher learning in China, but also responsible for the management of the central official school, while the Ritual Department is responsible for the management of educational affairs in various places. The permissions of the two departments overlap and cannot be included; New schools such as translation, ship administration, and land and water military academy belong to various departments and are not managed by the Ministry of Rites and imperial academy. The old and new schools coexist with the old yamen. The establishment of the department has gone through a difficult period of about ten years. Scholars believe that "the key is that the establishment of the department will shake the position of the old institutions such as the Ministry of Rites and touch the core of traditional political culture". The establishment of the academic department broke through the bottleneck of the reform of the central administrative system, and successfully implemented the comprehensive reform of the central official system of the Qing government in the following year. Since then, all provinces have set up departments to persuade students to learn, and all ministries, counties and counties have set up schools to persuade students to learn, thus establishing a unified educational administrative system from the central government to the local government.
The end of the imperial examination system was full of twists and turns, which lasted for seven years, from the reform of the imperial examination in the Reform Movement of 1898 to the real abolition of the imperial examination. 190 1 year, Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang and Liu Kunyi, governor of Liangjiang, played "giving priority to changing political talents", saying that "saving the river can be played" and put forward four important tasks: setting up a military school, changing liberal arts at will, stopping martial arts and enjoying study tours, but the wording was vague on whether to abolish the imperial examination. After the Reform Movement of 1898, the Qing court explicitly abolished stereotyped writing for the second time, changed its strategy and stopped fighting. 1904, Zhang Baixi, Rong Qing, Zhang Zhidong and others suggested revising the imperial examination, reducing the number of candidates in the imperial examination to be supplemented by school students, which was approved by the Qing court. Since then, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, the voice of constitutionalism was high, and the revolution was imminent. 1September 2, 905 Yuan Shikai, Zhao Erxun, Zhang Zhidong, etc. The book Please Abolish the Imperial Examination was published, asking them to stop the Imperial Examination immediately to broaden the school and put forward the idea of abolishing the Imperial Examination. Facing the crisis, Qing Yan officially suspended the imperial examination that day. Emperor Guangxu gave an order: "Starting from C-5, stop all rural examinations and stop all provincial examinations." Since the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination system, which has been implemented for more than 300 years, has finally come to an end.
The drastic abolition of the imperial examination system not only shows the attitude of innovation, but also is a natural process. At this time, the Guimao academic system has been promulgated, Shi Jing University Hall has begun, and the framework of a new education system has been formed. However, this "bloodless revolution" has had an all-round impact on the social system and a complex impact on China's social modernization. Only in the future will people have a deeper understanding.
China's educational modernization has been one hundred years since the turn of the last century. At present, China society is in a new and great change. Education has not only become the top priority, but also become the target of public criticism again. We need to seriously review the century-long history of China's educational modernization, deeply reflect on the experience and lessons of China's educational reform, further understand the special role of education in the process of social modernization, and determine the value, objectives and tasks of China's educational reform in the new century.