Chinese Interpretation of Nine Schools and Ten Schools

The following results are explained by the dictionary provided by Han Dian.

Description: The general name of various schools from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty.

Said by: An divides the thoughts of various schools into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Fa, Ming, Mo, Zongheng, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. If you get rid of the novelist, it's called the ninth stream.

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Nine schools of thought call Ji incarnation "Lisuhijika"

The general name of academic schools from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty. Liu Xin, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, wrote Seven Views, in which the schools of thought in the pre-Qin and early Han Dynasties were divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Mohism, Zongheng, Za, Agriculture and Novelist, and their academic origins and main characteristics were pointed out respectively. China's top ten novelists belong to literature and art, except for them, they are all called ninth-rate novelists.

According to Liu Xin, Ban Gu's Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi recorded various works and figures. Hanshu: "hundred schools of thought, only nine schools are impressed ..... If you can learn six arts, and look at the words of these nine schools, you can learn from them." Another "Biography": "Liu Xiang is a native, and the nine streams are different." Later it was also called various academic schools. Biography of Southern History and Yuan Yun: "The words of a hundred people, carving dragons to talk about God's will."

Confucianists

Confucianism advocates "Zhou Li" and thinks that everyone should obey the rules and care for each other, so as to achieve a world of great harmony, that is, "benevolence." Benevolence is the core content of Confucianism. Its main contents are as follows:

Ethics: "Benevolence" is the general program of ethics and morality. Benevolence is love. The monarch mainly reflects the people's feelings, cherishes the people's strength and opposes tyranny. If we want to practice kindness, we need loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means doing one's duty; Forgiveness is pushing yourself and others. Advocate "ceremony" and "joy" to restrain people's behavior and cultivate their temperament.

Political view: advocating the rule of etiquette and law and restoring the rule of virtue in the Western Zhou Dynasty. People from all walks of life should do their part to achieve a harmonious situation of "Jun Jun, ministers, father and son", which is the concept of name recognition.

Concept of education: Confucius put forward the idea of "teaching without class" and advocated that teaching should not be divided into noble, humble, virtuous and foolish. He thinks "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is an ideal teaching method. He also advocates learning methods such as "reviewing the past and learning the new" and "drawing inferences from others".

Cosmology: holds the attitude of "preserving things" to the theory of ghosts and gods, advocates "staying away from ghosts and gods", but attaches great importance to ancestor worship.

Later, Mencius discussed "benevolence" with the theory of "good nature" "People and animals are different, and there is some hope. He believes that human nature is good and has four good ends: compassion, shame, resignation and right and wrong. If we carry them forward, we can become the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom.

Xunzi advocated the theory of "evil nature", holding that human beings are no different from animals, and that "hunger is full and cold is warm". If we obey human nature, it will inevitably lead to disputes. He advocates changing human nature through education, getting rid of evil and doing good. Xunzi emphasized that social order should be maintained through "ruling the country by courtesy", so that people from all walks of life can perform their duties and the society can be stable.

The "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith" advocated by Confucianism has been highly praised by rulers and academic circles in past dynasties, and has become the core of China's traditional thought and the mainstream of morality.

On behalf of:

Confucius

Confucius, the famous hill, the word Zhong Ni. According to historical records, he was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (55 1 BC) and died in the 16th year (479 BC) at the age of 73. He is the founder of Confucianism, and is respected by later generations as a "teacher of all ages", also known as a "saint".

Confucius traveled around the world and visited Wei, Chen, Cai, Chu, Song and other countries to publicize his political ambitions, but to no avail. Confucius lived in Shandong for eleven years with unfulfilled ambition and disheartened heart. Confucius is sixty-eight years old. Since then, he has devoted himself to speaking and writing books. During this period, he and his disciples re-edited the Five Classics and wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals to record the great events in the Spring and Autumn Period and explain Confucian values. The main contribution of his life is to lay the foundation of education, and advocate enlightened heuristic education methods such as "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching without distinction". His pioneering views in the ideological field indirectly promoted the formation of the cultural peak phenomenon of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Five years later, Confucius died at the age of 73. Later, the disciples extracted the words of the teacher's life and compiled the Analects of Confucius, which became a must-read classic of Confucianism.

Mencius

Meng Ziming, Yu Zi, Ziche, Viscount. Born in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou (372 BC), he died in the twenty-sixth year of King Lai (289 BC). He is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi.

Under the education of his mother, Mencius studied hard, took the descendants of Confucius as successors, recruited disciples, traveled around the world, preached the idea of "benevolent government" and "kingly way", and advocated that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." He has been to Qi, Song, Shandong, Teng, Liang and other countries, and has met Liang Huiwang and other emperors. Although he was respected and treated with courtesy, Teng Wengong was the only one who tried to carry out his political ideas, because he was considered conservative, out of line with the trend of the time and was not taken seriously.

In his later years, Mencius returned to his hometown to give lectures, wrote books with his disciples Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou, and wrote seven "Mencius". Liang, Gong Sunchou,,,, and dedication. Because each article is of great weight, it is divided into two parts, so the book has fourteen volumes. Mencius' words and deeds are almost preserved in these seven articles.

xunzi

Xunzi, named Qing, was born on Tuesday (3 13 BC) and died in the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (235 BC). He was a famous thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States Period. There are few records about Xunzi, and there are great differences. Xunzi is the greatest Confucian after Confucius and Mencius. His thoughts were recorded in Xunzi, which had a wide and far-reaching influence on China's feudal society for more than two thousand years. Xunzi traveled to Yan, Qi, Chu, Qin and Zhao countries, and then lived in Lanling until his death.

When Xunzi was in Lanling, he began to teach and write books. The famous Han Fei and Li Si were his students at this time, and he also finished his masterpiece Xunzi during this period. Although Xunzi is the heir of Confucianism, he did not blindly accept Confucianism in its entirety. On the contrary, Xunzi integrated and developed Confucianism and put forward "inherent vice" and other far-reaching theories.

dao jia xue pai

"Tao" is the ideological center of the theory of "Laozi and Zhuangzi" and the foundation of everything. Tao is also endless. Taoism emphasizes that everything need not be forced, but should conform to nature and reach the highest state of Tao. Taoist spirit lies in spiritual detachment, not limited to formal drive, but only seeking freedom and spiritual openness. The following is the Taoist concept: world outlook: "Tao" is invisible, the absolute spirit beyond time and space, the highest ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things.

Political outlook: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars continued and people's livelihood was difficult. People must give up bravado, wisdom, bravado and strength, return to the realm of pure ignorance, and govern by doing nothing, so that the world can be peaceful and stable. Finally, I hope to return to the primitive society of "small country with few people".

Outlook on life: everything has its opposite, and extremes meet. Therefore, people must be "content with few desires", "weak and indisputable" and "conform to nature", and abandon all the constraints of ethics and morality in order to avoid disaster.

On behalf of:

Laozi

According to general records, Lao Tzu's surname is Li, his first name is Er, and his word is Bo Yang. His date of birth and death is unknown. He was born in 604 BC, in Qurenli, Chu County. Some people call him Li Er, others call him Lao Dan. Laozi cultivated himself, learned from the theory of inaction, and took self-concealment as his service. Many scholars believe that Laozi came from the Warring States period, but many people also believe that Laozi came from the Spring and Autumn Period.

The theory of Taoism is based on Laozi. Laozi's book Tao Te Ching has five thousand words. The book extensively discusses the metaphysical significance of Tao and the wisdom of life, and puts forward the origin theory of the natural universe, that is, it is composed of things and exists independently. And put forward the ontological thought that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement against the Tao" For human beings living in it, what they should learn is the wisdom of dealing with the world. Laozi also put forward many political, social and life philosophy viewpoints, advocating "governing by doing nothing, a small country with few people."

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi, Zhou, Zi Zixiu, was born in Song Dynasty. He was born in 369 BC and died in 286 BC. According to historical records, he and Liang were contemporary.

Zhuangzi worked as a painter in Mongolia in his early years and has been living in seclusion ever since. He lives in poverty, but he doesn't care about fame and fortune. When the king of Chu heard of his virtue, he sent an envoy to give birth to a daughter and asked him to be prime minister, but he refused. He retired for life and lived in seclusion in Baodu Mountain.

Zhuangzi is knowledgeable and has a wide range of friends. He wrote the book Zhuangzi, the main purpose of which is to take Lao Zi as the blueprint. But he attributed it to Laozi's words and also had his own unique views. He wrote hundreds of thousands of words, usually as fables. Be a fisherman, steal his feet, despise Confucius' disciples, and show Lao Tzu's skill.

mohists

Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism.

Ethics: put forward "universal love" and think that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other.

Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating talent selection, eliminating class ideology, ruling the world, advocating "self-defeating" and opposing all wars of aggression.

Economic outlook: Oppose extravagant life, advocate frugality, and put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial" and "being unhappy".

Cosmology: put forward "fate", thinking that fate can not dominate people's wealth, emphasizing that it can be changed through the efforts of the day after tomorrow. In order to seek blessings and avoid disasters, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "treating ghosts".

Because Mohism, from its founder Mozi to its main representatives, is a literati at the bottom of society, Mohism can better understand the miserable life of working people in war-torn society. Therefore, compared with the excessive emphasis on "courtesy" in Confucianism, Mohism pays more attention to the habit of thrift, is not stingy with low-level labor, and is humiliated by Confucian scholars as "the art of prostitution", with deviation in life, opposition in position and comparison in thought.

On behalf of:

Mozi

Thinkers and scholars in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, and the founder of Mohism. The surname is inexplicable Zhai, born and died from about 468 BC to 376 BC. He is from Lu, and he said he was from Song. Mozi was born a commoner, calling himself a "northern servant", and was called a "man in cloth" and a "bitch".

He used to be a doctor in the Song Dynasty, boasting that "the upper class has nothing to do, and the lower class has no difficulty in farming". He is a scholar who sympathizes with "the people of industry and agriculture". After learning from Shijiao, he inherited the law of Qing Dynasty. He also studied Confucianism, the art of Confucius, praised Yao, obeyed Dayu, and knew poetry, books and spring and autumn. Dissatisfied with Confucian rites and music, he abandoned Zhou Dao and used Xia Zheng.

Advocating not attacking, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, frugality, unhappiness, ambition, ghosts and fate, with universal love as the core. He is "correcting himself with rope and ink in case the world is in a hurry." In order to publicize his ideas, Mozi accepted many students and followed hundreds of disciples, forming a huge Mohist school. Mozi said "princes" and taught "one man should walk", which was almost "following people's words". Wherever I went, I went to Qi in the east, Zheng and Wei in the west, and Chu and Yue in the south.

Mozi is knowledgeable, skilled and well-made. He once made a "wooden kite" that could not fly for three days and nights. He was also good at guarding the city, and later learned to sum up his experience as 21 guarding the city. He also made some achievements in the theory of Ming Debate and became one of the founders of Ming Debate in the Warring States Period. Mozi's deeds can be found in Xunzi, Han Feizi, Zhuangzi, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huainanzi and other books, and his thoughts are mainly preserved in Mozi, a post-school work of Mohism.

Legalist school

Legalism is the most important school among the pre-Qin philosophers, which advocates "ruling the country according to law" and puts forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.

Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "resolve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of objects. "Making meritorious deeds and being afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds and makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of meritorious service is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the annexation war.

Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is moving forward and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history. They can neither go back to the past nor put forward the view that "breaking the law is not from the present". Han Fei, on the other hand, collected the Mahayana of Legalists and put forward the idea of "controlling the chaos of those who are not easy", satirizing the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him.

Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai advocated attaching importance to law, potential and technique respectively, each with its own characteristics. Han Fei put forward the idea of combining the three closely. Law refers to perfecting the legal system; Potential refers to the power of the monarch, who should be in charge of military and political power alone; Art refers to the strategies and means of controlling ministers, mastering political power and implementing laws and regulations, mainly to find and prevent the offence of insurrection and safeguard the status of the monarch.

On behalf of:

Han Fei

Han Fei, surnamed Han Fei, was a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period. He was born into a noble family and is the son of Korea. His date of birth and blood relatives could not be verified, and he died in 233 BC. Han Fei stutters and is not good at talking, but good at writing books. Han Fei and Li Si are classmates and serve Xunzi under the same teacher.

Seeing that South Korea was weak at that time, Han Fei advised the king of South Korea several times, and the king of South Korea obeyed. Han Fei hates ruling the country without the rule of law, enriching the people and not strengthening the army, but attaches great importance to people who have no practical experience and are good at expressing their opinions. So he looked at the changes of gains and losses in the past and wrote more than 100,000 words, such as Indignation, Five Mistakes, Internal and External Existence, and Talking about Forests and Difficulties, and became a master of Legalism. After the book was finished, it spread to the state of Qin. After reading it, the king of Qin said, "Hehe! I want to see this man swimming with him, and I will never hate him. Han Fei's works were praised by Qin Shihuang.

When Qin attacked Korea, Wang Han didn't need Han Fei. When the state of Qin attacked urgently, Wang Han appointed Han Fei to the state of Qin. The king of Qin was happy to see Han Fei, but he didn't trust him either. Reese thinks that Han Fei is the son of South Korea, and he will eventually become a Korean instead of A Qin. So, he suggested to the king of Qin that since Han Fei was not needed, it was better to punish him so as to avoid endless future troubles. The king of Qin thought so and ordered the mistake to be corrected. Reese secretly sent someone to send poison to Han Fei to commit suicide. Han Fei failed to meet talents and was finally killed by his classmates.

Shang Yang

Shang Yang (390-338 BC) was named Gongsun and Yang. When Qin Xiaogong was in Shang Yi, he was named Shang Yang, Shang Jun, and Shang Yang, also known as Wei Yang, was the son of a country. Shang Yang first turned Wei Xianggong's uncle CuO into a middle-aged bastard. Uncle CuO knew that Shang Yang was talented but not reused, so he recommended Shang Yang to Wei Huiwang. Hui Wang didn't use Shang Yang. After the death of his uncle CuO, Wen ordered the whole country to look for sages, so Shang Yang went west to Qin.

After Shang Yang entered Qin, Qin Xiaogong met him four times. Filial piety does not want the Confucian way of benevolent government and rule by virtue, but believes in hegemony, which is in the same strain as Shang Yang's legalist thought and carried out the most thorough political reform movement in Qin State.

Shang Yang carried out two political reforms before and after Qin State, completely abolishing the old system and implementing the new system, making Qin State the first powerful country in the Warring States period. Later, Shang Yang himself was framed by aristocratic conservatives and sentenced to death for car splitting.

Logician school

Famous scholars are a school that advocates "seeking fame and responsibility" and "seeking responsibility by correcting names", that is, "correcting right and wrong with each other to make it worthy of the name". During the Warring States period, the situation was turbulent and chaotic. Many ceremonies exist in name only. Famous artists come out from this, emphasizing that things should be "worthy of the name", so that everything in the world can be on the right track.

It is a kind of logic that famous artists pay attention to the relationship between "name" and "reality". The difference between famous artists and various schools lies in the method of "correcting their names" They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and the content of the debate is mostly philosophical issues unrelated to political practice. Therefore, in China's 5,000-year academic biography, the theories of famous scholars have been branded as "sophistry".

The decline of famous artists is not only because they can't get the support of their superiors, but also because their disciples can't express the innovative ideas of their predecessors.

Representative figure

Gongsunlong

Gong Sunlong (about 325 BC-250 BC) was a Zhao or a native, and it was said that the word Zi Bing. Born in forty-four, died in Saturday, and was born in Zhuangzi, Hui Shi, Mencius and Zou Yan. Because GongSunLong is "named" and insists that the name is true, his debate is mainly based on the language itself, leaving the debate on concrete and empirical things.

One of Confucius' disciples was Gong Sunlong. "When I was a child, I was fifty-three years younger than Confucius." (Biography of Disciples of Zhong Ni in Historical Records) and "Debater" Gong Sunlong are not the same person. It is wrong to call Gong Sunlong a disciple of Confucius in The Biography of Mencius and Suoyin.

Gong Sunlong is good at arguing differences and reaching the peak. His main arguments are: white horse theory, reference theory, hard white theory, name and reality theory and so on.

Hui Shi

Hui Shi was born in 370 BC (or 380 BC) and died in 3 10 BC. He was a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty in the middle of the Warring States Period, the originator of a famous family, and a friend of Zhuangzi. He was once the prime minister of Wei (Liang). After Hui Shi's activities of uniting Qi and Chu failed, he was expelled by Zhang Yi.

Hui Shi is quick-thinking, knowledgeable, eloquent and good at eloquence and logical reasoning. He once had a climax with debaters such as Huan Tuan and Gong Sunlong, so there is a saying that "Hui Shi argued with him and Shiwan was cautious with him".

the Yin-Yang School

On the view of nature, Yin and Yang scholars put forward the theory of universe evolution by using the concept of Yin and Yang in Zhouyi. Based on the division of Kyushu in Historical Records, this paper puts forward the theory of "Great Kyushu", and holds that China is a red China with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside.

In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shangshu has been transformed into "the end of five virtues", also known as "the transfer of five virtues". "Five virtues" refers to the attributes of the five elements, namely, earth virtue, wood virtue, benevolence virtue, water virtue and fire virtue. Yin and Yang believe that everything in the universe corresponds to the five elements, each with its own virtues, and the operation of heaven, the change of the world and the replacement of dynasties are all the results of the "five virtues transfer". Its purpose is to show the social changes at that time.

In terms of political ethics, Yin and Yang scholars believe that "benevolence and frugality are the only things that a monarch, a minister and six relatives can do" and agree with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it emphasizes "harmony between yin and yang", including some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.

There were still some Yin and Yang families in the early Han Dynasty. After a hundred schools of thought contended in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology, and some contents were absorbed by primitive Taoism. As an independent school, the family of Yin and Yang disappeared.

On behalf of:

Zou Yan

Zou Yan (about 305 BC to 240 BC), a native of Qi, was a representative of Yin and Yang. Because of his pedantry in his studies, he argued fiercely. People call him Tan, also known as Zou Zi.

His deeds recorded in the old history are false, but it is certain that he came from the late Warring States period. Zou Yan was studying, and he valued learning more than Qi. Welcome to Wei and the suburbs. When I arrive in Zhao, treat me as a guest and host. When I arrived in Yan, I personally swept the dust for him, listened to his lectures, built the Kersh Palace for him, and held a ceremony to accept disciples. Therefore, it is speculated that he may have died after the battle of Changping.

Zou Yan's works "Zou Zi" and "The End of Zou Zi" are said to have hundreds of words, but they have long been lost. At present, only some paragraphs in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian's Historical Records can show his thoughts.

Vertical and horizontal

"Vertical" means vertical, and "horizontal" means Lian Heng.

The so-called "combination" refers to the diplomatic strategy of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei jointly resisting Qin during the Warring States Period.

The so-called "Lian Heng" refers to the diplomatic strategy of the above-mentioned six countries to form an alliance with Qin.

The origin of "vertical" and "horizontal" is said to be because the north-south direction is called "vertical" and the east-west direction is called "horizontal". The six-nation alliance is a north-south alliance, so it is called "alliance"; The six countries formed an alliance with Qin respectively, which was an East-West alliance, hence the name "Lian Heng". The so-called "strategist" refers to those who advocate "integration" or "Lian Heng" diplomatic strategy.

Su Qin and Zhang Yi are the most famous strategists. Without Su and Zhang, there would be no He Zong and Lian Heng, and naturally there would be no so-called vertical and horizontal scholars and strategists. The theories of Su Qin and Zhang Yi are scattered in history books, but there are few monographs.

On behalf of:

Su Qin

Su Qin word Ji Zi. Luoyang people in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Learn the skills of vertical and horizontal cooperation to lobby countries. When I first arrived in Qin, I said I would benefit the king, so I don't have to. Naidong went to Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to lobby the six countries to jointly conquer Qin. He joined the Six Kingdoms and returned to Zhao, who let him go to Wu Anjun. Later, the State of Qin made people fall to the State of Qi, and the State of Wei attacked Zhao, so the six countries could not cooperate and the alliance collapsed.

Enter Yan and turn Qi into Qi Keqing. He was killed for competing with Dr. Qi. It is said that he has been engaged in anti-room activities since Yan entered Qi, so that Yan can break Qi. After the anti-house activity was exposed, Qi Che cracked to death.

Thirty-one pieces of perilla, the vertical and horizontal strategist, are lost today. The silk letters of the Warring States period unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb include Su Qin's letters and travel notes 16, which are consistent with the historical records? Biography of Su Qin is different.

Zhang yi

Zhang Yi was wei ren, a famous strategist during the Warring States Period. When he entered Qin, Qin Huiwen thought he was a guest. In 328 BC, Qin ordered Zhang Yi and Gongzi to cut Wei, and Wei cut the county in Qin. At that time, Zhang Yi was a native of Qin Xiang.

Hui Wenjun ascended the throne in the 13th year (325 BC), and the following year was changed to the first year of Yuan Geng. In the second year of Yuan Geng, Zhang Yi met with the ministers of Qi, Chu and Wei in Sang Mu, and then avoided each other. In the second year, Zhang Yi met Wei, and eight years later, she met Yuan and Qin.

12 years, Zhang Yi was in Chu and then returned to Qin. After the death of King Huiwen, King Wu ascended the throne, and there was a gap between him and Zhang Yi. He left Qin for Wei. According to bamboo records, he died in Wei in May this year. Hanshu? There are ten pieces in the vertical and horizontal categories of Yi Wenzhi, which is a collection of Zhang Yi's works or materials related to him, and has now been lost.

eclecticism

Strictly speaking, "sage" is not a conscious and inherited school, so he does not pretend to be a "sage" school. This school was officially named after Lu Chunqiu was classified as a "miscellaneous school" for the first time in Hanshu Yiwenzhi.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and each school had its own countermeasures and ideas for governing the country. In order to defeat other schools, each school absorbs the theories of other schools more or less, or attacks each other or makes up for the defects of their own theories. However, any school also has its own characteristics and strengths, and the "miscellaneous school" is to make full use of this feature, learn from others' strengths, and become a set of ideologically inclusive but practical strategies for governing the country.

On behalf of:

lv buwei

Lv Buwei, a native of Puyang, Wei, was a famous politician at the end of the Warring States Period. He served as Guo Xiang of Qin State for thirteen years, which laid the foundation for Qin State to finally unify the six countries. Lv Buwei has been selling expensive for a long time, and accumulated a lot of property. But he is not satisfied with his status as a big businessman, and has been looking for opportunities to join politics.

One year, he went to Handan, the capital of Zhao, to do business and met the son of Qin. At that time, foreigners were taken hostage in Zhao and the situation was not very good. Lv Buwei believed that "imported goods can live in", and he first gave them money and beautiful women to win the favor of foreigners. Then, I lobbied Mrs. Huayang's sister to bribe Mrs. Huayang after Qin Xiaowen became a prince.

After the death of King Xiaowen of Qin Dynasty in 250 BC, the son of another man was able to return to China and acceded to the throne. Known as King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, Lv Buwei was named as the national phase, and Wen Xin Hou of posthumous title ate twelve counties of Lantian. After the death of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, Ying Zheng acceded to the throne, and Lv Buwei was honored as "Guan Zhong", acting as regent.

After the King of Qin came to power, Lv Buwei was removed from office. He lived in Henan first, and then in Shu County. In the twelfth year of Qin Dynasty, Wang Zheng committed suicide on his way to Shu County. The famous "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" was written by his disciples.

Agricultural family

Farmers flowed out of their official positions in planting millet. His words were repeated 100 times, and he advised farmers and mulberry trees to get enough food and clothes. So there are eight strategies: one is grain, and the other is goods. Even Confucius said, "What people value is food. Therefore, it can be seen that this is its strength.

Farmers advocate co-cultivation with the people, and then talk about co-cultivation with the people. This can be said to be a great concept of freedom and equality, so it will inevitably arouse the opposition of Confucian scholars who attach importance to "correcting the name" and think that this is a disorderly order that abandons the righteousness of monarch and minister and favors the interests of agricultural crops.

Because agricultural books are mostly the skills of cultivating nursery, rather than learning theory, they can be exempted from Qin Shihuang's book burning order. However, its highest ideal is to cultivate with the people. Although it was the slogan of an equal class, it was not allowed to be used by Confucianism, so too many people died.

On behalf of:

Xu Hang

Xu Xing was an agricultural expert in Lu period, a representative of farmers in pre-Qin period and a spokesman for Shennong.

Most of his deeds cannot be verified. According to Mencius? In Teng Wengong, he once went from Chu to Tengzhou, followed the door and said to Wen Gong, "People who come from afar are benevolent and are willing to be slapped in the face to protect themselves." Wengong, etc. Sean, his disciple, and Xin, his younger brother, were shocked by Song Zhiteng and said, "Being a saint is also a saint, and I am willing to protect myself for the saint." Chen was very happy to meet Xu Xing. He gave up his studies and studied technology from Xu Xing.

In addition, the bank boss obtains the market price according to the quantity.

novelist

Novelists come from officials, that is, people who tell stories for a living. Its meaning is mostly created by street gossip and hearsay. It is spread and recited by people, and the beauty of poetry is explored in the grass.

In ancient times, people regarded saints as books, history as poems, workers recited admonitions, doctors taught them, scholars spread rumors, and Shu Ren slandered them. In Meng Chun, I went to Muduo to listen to folk songs, and toured the province to observe people's poems to understand customs. Correct it if it passes; Correct if you lose; If you hear hearsay, you will never finish your discipline.

Novelists can represent four customs of civilian society. But because of its path, it was ignored by the world and eventually destroyed.

On behalf of:

Yuchu

Yu Zhuo was a native of Luoyang, Henan Province in the Western Han Dynasty. Most of his deeds have been lost. According to Records of the Historian and Hanshu, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, Yu Zhuo took the alchemist as an assistant, rode on a horse, dressed in yellow, and was named the yellow messenger. It is recorded in "Sacrifice to the Suburb": "Luoyang Yu Primary School used dialects to block Xiongnu and Dawan. 」

Although Yu Chu was a native of the Western Han Dynasty, his contribution to novelists was to compile a series of novels. According to Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu", "There are 900 novels, starting from danger. It can be seen that Yu Chu's position in novel adaptation.

Yu Chu Zhou Shuo written by Yu Chu is a compilation of his novels, with nearly a thousand categories, not a compilation. However, his books died too early because of their voluminous volumes and easy loss.