The education system of the whole society is built around this system.
From imperial academy to county schools, there are also private schools and private schools. The goal of running a school is to enter and pursue the subject.
When the Imperial Examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties became stereotyped writing, young people's thoughts were completely locked, and any fresh natural science knowledge became a secondary skill, which led to the shrinking of China's scientific and technological development in recent hundreds of years.
Before the Opium War, Confucian scholars advocated practical application.
After the war, Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".
In the Westernization Movement, natural science and military technology began to receive attention, and new military academies came into being.
Fujian Ship Administration School is the first naval school in modern China.
Its establishment coincided with the establishment of the shipping bureau.
The founder is Zuo.
When the school began to recruit students, the students it envisaged were mainly local children, with smart qualifications and fluent writing.
However, in the context of the prevalence of imperial examinations, this unprecedented military technical school was not attractive to scholars, so it later expanded its enrollment to Guangdong and Hong Kong.
The applicant must fill in the name, occupation and letter of introduction of the third generation, fill in the letter of guarantee, and take the letter of guarantee from my father, brother and myself.
The question of the first entrance examination is "Filial piety and parents' lifelong admiration"
At that time, the people who took the exam were mainly from poor families.
Secondly, children of families and businessmen and students from other schools are influenced by foreign countries.
The life experience of Yan Fu, the top scholar in Fujian, is very representative.
Yan's father and his father are both Chinese medicine practitioners.
He entered a private school since childhood, and with the help of his father, he laid a good academic foundation.
Soon, my father was infected by rescuing cholera patients, and he died without treatment, and his family came down.
I heard that the ship administration school is provided by the government with food, clothing, housing and transportation, and there are four or two silver subsidies every month, so I decided to sign up.
Yan's uncle is a juren, and the mother and son asked him to be a guarantor. Juren didn't like the new school and immediately refused. Later, I had to fill out the guarantee without telling him, and I had a fight.
Guangzong and his mother had to cry and beg, and then they were settled down.
Yan was moved by the test questions during the exam. The article was naturally well written and won Shen Baozhen's appreciation.
Dozens of people, ranging in age from 12 to 15, participated in this enrollment.
In addition, Zhang Cheng, Lu Han, Deng Shichang, Ye Fu and Lin Guoxiang recruited from Hong Kong have all studied English and have a good foundation.
1867 65438+1October 6th, the school officially opened.
At this time, the school building has not yet been built, so the vacant room of Dingguang Temple (Baita Temple) in the south of the city is used as a classroom.
In the ancient temple, the pronunciations of A, B, C and D floated out.
It irrefutably announced the beginning of a new era.
In addition to Baita Temple, the school also set up temporary school buildings in Senta Street and Abelshun House.
A few days later, the new school of the Maritime Bureau in Mawei was completed and three students moved in together.
The school is divided into two parts. The former school taught in French, including manufacturing and design majors.
Manufacturing specialty is the main specialty of the former school, and the training direction is mainly the design and manufacture personnel of hull and steam engine.
Design major is Japanese-Italian style, which is called "Painting Academy" in China literature, and its goal is to train draftsmen.
After that, I will teach in English, including driving major and management (marine engineering) major.
A large number of officers were trained for the later naval career.
The school also has an art park to train skilled workers.
After the official opening of the shipping administration school, it enrolls students for the whole country, regardless of Manchu and Han nationalities.
But there are only one or two students in other provinces except Fujian and Guangdong.
People from Guangdong and other provinces mainly sign up to learn driving.
Those who study manufacturing are all from Fujian.
Even in driving classes, Fujian people account for the majority.
This is naturally because the school is located in Fujian, which is located along the coast and has the highest atmosphere.
Later, Fujian people not only spread all over the navy, but also other naval schools were presided over by Fujian people or people related to the shipping bureau.
In the old China navy, Fujian was the only one.
It is positive for Fujian people to recommend and quote each other, but it forms a small circle and excludes non-Fujian people, which has a strong color of feudal regional groups, so it is called "Fujian Party".
1In the autumn of 874, the British warship Tianfu visited Mawei.
Shou Er, a naval officer, recorded the scene of the ship administration school he saw at that time, which can roughly reflect the situation of the early ship administration school:
"On the day I visited the school, there were about fifty students. The first class is to do algebra homework and simple equations.
The second class is to learn Euclidean geometry under the guidance of teachers trained in our school.
Both classes are taught in English.
Write the proposition on the blackboard first, and then let the students calculate the deduction stages in turn; After the work of the example is completed, copy it in a beautiful book for future reference.
I checked a few of them and was impressed by their neatness.
Some dictation questions are written in capital letters.
When we think about the difference between Chinese characters written with a brush and pinyin language written horizontally with a pen, we know that this is an extraordinary thing.
Students go to school for six hours every day, but a lot of homework is done in their own rooms after class.
Take a holiday on Saturday.
Some students are from Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and some are from Fuzhou.
These people from the south are often the smartest young people, but the disadvantage of their work is that they don't know Mandarin. If you don't know Mandarin, there is no hope of promotion in * * *.
So they spend some time learning Mandarin from a qualified local teacher every day ... The way to recruit students in naval schools is to put up notices in all obvious places in Fuzhou.
It is stipulated that the age is below 16, but this is not strictly enforced because some students recruited by advertisements in Hong Kong are over 20 years old.
Recruit students and give them a test on China's classical knowledge.
Until recently, the school has not admitted students who don't know much about their own country's classics and documents.
..... Mr Carroll's position does not extend to students' private accommodation, which is managed by an official.
Students in Guangzhou and Fuzhou live separately and use different chefs.
Mr. Carroll praised these students, saying that they were diligent and devoted to their work, perhaps more than British students.
Because they work hard whether he is present or not and never give him any trouble.
Intellectually, it is comparable to western students, but it lags far behind the latter in other aspects.
They are weak characters, with no spirit or ambition at all, and a little feminine to some extent.
This is naturally caused by the way of feeding.
After class, they just walk around in a daze, or do their homework, never exercise, and don't know how to entertain themselves.
Generally speaking, staying in Buddhist holy places is more suitable for their spleen and stomach than doing vigilance work at sea. "
Besides modern scientific knowledge, we should also learn traditional culture.
Shen Baozhen said: "Every day after class, we should read Oracle Bone Inscriptions's extensive instructions and discuss strategies to understand righteousness and reason ... Without the help of smart people, we can't help learning skills, but ignorant people in the world often follow the rules. Unless smart people take righteousness as an example, they are prone to strange evils.
Today, it is possible to understand foreign skills with China's mind, but it is impossible to change China's temperament with foreign habits.
Moreover, the floating thin son will not have a lasting job.
He is good at astronomy, algorithms, etc. And he can strive for perfection and seek secrets. I was cautious at first, so I have to talk about it.
"This is the early expression of the theory of Chinese style and westernization, and it is also the basic attitude of the Westernization School towards western science and technology.
To a great extent, they have something in common with the conservative die-hards.
19 Around the 1970s, the Westernization School was the social group in China that knew the world situation and the crisis facing China best, among which Shen Baozhen was the best.
However, his views on Chinese and western cultures are only so much. How do people pray for the fundamental victory of the "self-improvement" movement advocated by the Westernization School?
187 1, Jia Yuer, a foreign teacher at Houchuan Administration School, received a beautifully decorated letter:
"Master James Carroll presided over:
However, in the fifth year of Tongzhi, the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang resigned and asked for the establishment of a shipping administration, thinking that it was one of the powerful countries.
The emperor ordered Shen, the former governor of Jiangxi Province, to build the required dormitory in Zhongze, Fuzhou, and sent Mr. Riyige and others to help this cause as much as possible.
Lord shen established a naval academy, enrolled a number of students, and hired an English gentleman, James.
Mr Carroll is a teacher. He has taught the principle of navigation for five years.
The students have finished their homework and are about to set sail to try their hand.
We have made a lot of preparations for this voyage.
Before we leave, we-your loyal students-thank you for your concern and tireless teaching ... From now on, we will deal with hurricanes, control wild waves, spy on the actions of the sun and stars, understand the laws of storms, survey islands and investigate the properties of rocks.
Everything we have learned from our teachers will be proved to be true in our future life experience.
In this way, the most terrible difficulties become easy, and the most sinister situation becomes quiet.
Our empire * * * will take this system as an example to promote infinity ... Although we are sad to be separated from you, we are eager to be * * *, so we have to put our personal wishes in a secondary position.
Our patriotism will not diminish, and our departure, teacher, will be your joy and praise.
Your loyal student (23 signatures) "
Soon, Yan, Liu, Lin Taizeng, Qiu Baoren and others 18 and some students from the former school boarded the "Jianwei" ship and began their long-awaited sea voyage.
This voyage has been through Xiamen, Hong Kong, Singapore and Penang for four months.
After deducting the berthing time of each dock, it is actually 75 days in the ocean.
The sea and sky are rippling, sometimes the distant mountains are not seen for a few days, sometimes the islands are entangled and the sand lines are staggered, and the training ship has withstood various tests.
When going, there will be instructors driving, and students will keep nautical diaries, measure the positions of the sun and constellations, and practice operating various instruments.
When returning, the students took turns driving, and the teacher carefully checked the diary.
During this period, the ruling and opposition parties paid more and more attention to the naval cause, which should have been a good opportunity for the development of naval education. However, with the transfer of Shen Baozhen from the Aviation Administration Bureau, the management of the Aviation Administration School has become increasingly lax.
1880 12 17 Jiangnan suggestion Li Shibin said, "I heard that middle school students in Fujian Shipping Administration were very strict with class management.
Diligent people will be rewarded, and lazy people will retire.
When you are close, you will be considerate and fill in the blanks.
1884101October 23rd, Minister of Shipping Zhang Peilun even pointed out that when Shen Baozhen founded the school, he formulated detailed articles of association and selected handsome students, and the school was very clean.
In the past ten years, the students and apprentices who have been admitted to the school are not without bias. However, due to Taixi's ingenuity and the shortage of shipping administration funds, it is inevitable that he will be simple, self-appointed, lazy and tired because of ignorance, especially after school.
He ordered foreign teachers to master the books and skills they should read, buy more foreign books, offer enough courses, and make up for the omissions of Fujian studies with the articles of association of Tianjin Naval Academy.
As the first naval school in China, Ship Administration School should learn from Tianjin School, which was established only three years ago. It can be seen that internal slack and chaos are very serious.
In the process of historical research, it is sometimes interesting to make some horizontal comparisons.
Just half a month ago, on June 6th, 10, US Navy Secretary William Chandler signed an order to establish the US Naval Military Academy in a shabby house in Newport, Rhode Island.
Although the United States began to use steam ships and armored ships to fight very early, it has long neglected naval construction.
During the civil war, there were more than 700 naval vessels. After the war, a large number of warships were retired or sold to merchants and changed into merchant ships.
By 1880, there were only 48 warships left, all of which were outdated old guys.
Admiral Porter called it "the dragon painted on the ancient bunker of China people, which can only scare the enemy".
The US naval forces have retreated to the position of 12 in the world, ranking behind Denmark, China and Chile.
18 On April 8th, 1975, at the initiative of Brigadier General Luce, the National Assembly approved the admission of 750 young people aged 16 ~ 18 to study in the college.
First receive preparatory training in the port, and then go to the training ship to learn skills such as artillery and rowing.
This practice is very similar to the ship administration school.
Then, the long-simmering naval reform in the United States began to be introduced.
Luce is the president of the First Ren Haijun Military Academy.
He invited Lieutenant Colonel Mahan to teach naval history.
At the end of the first academic year, all the equipment of the Naval Military Academy included 1 a map of the naval battle at Cape Trafalgar, four borrowed desks and 12 borrowed chairs.
General Luce said, "Not only are there no instructors, but there are no textbooks." .
In recent years, people have great doubts about the existence of the Naval Military Academy.
At that time, even though the Royal Naval Academy in Grinitz only taught technical courses, Luce envisioned "using modern scientific methods to study how to improve naval warfare from a purely empirical stage to a scientific level."
"Two years later, Mahan became the second dean.
Although the government still interferes with the college's research on strategic issues and only asks for courses on technical development, Mahan persistently studies naval strategy and modifies his lecture notes in the college into the book "The Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660 ~ 1783", thus establishing the basic theory of the development of the US Navy and laying the foundation for the great development of the US Navy.
Today, the United States Naval Military Academy is undoubtedly one of the most famous naval academies in the world.
It may not be appropriate to simply compare the naval education and naval power between China and the United States, because the political and economic systems of the two countries are different and the purpose of building a navy is quite different.
However, we can learn many historical lessons from the fact that the United States attaches great importance to naval education, which has greatly promoted the development of American naval undertakings and the newly-built naval schools in China are becoming increasingly corrupt.