Napoléon Bonaparte was born in ajaccio, Corsica on 1769. His family is an Italian aristocratic family. Just after Corsica was sold to Napoléon Bonaparte, the French kingdom, the French king admitted that his father was a nobleman in the French kingdom. Under the arrangement of his father Charles Bonaparte, Napoleon went to the French Military Academy in Brehon for education at the age of 9. 1784 After graduating from Napoleon with honors, he was sent to the Paris Military Academy to specialize in artillery. Napoleon thought he was a foreigner at first, hoping to make Corsica independent from France one day. His father died at the age of 16. He dropped out of school and was awarded the title of second lieutenant in artillery. During his stay with the army in various places, he read many works of enlightenment thinkers, among which Rousseau's thoughts had a great influence on him. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to promote Corsica's independence, but was excluded by another pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, and finally his family fled to France. At that time, the political situation in France was unpredictable and turbulent. At the beginning of the Great Revolution, the constitutional monarchy and liberal aristocrats representing the interests of the big bourgeoisie seized power and established a constitutional monarchy. 179 1 year, King Louis XVI colluded with foreign reactionary forces. As a result, the conspiracy was exposed and the monarchy was abolished. 1792 The Kingdom of France was changed to the Republic of France. 1793 Louis XVI was executed at the beginning of the year, and Britain formed the first anti-French alliance. The French Revolution faced a serious crisis. 1793 In June, jacobins, a bourgeois democrat headed by robespierre, came to power, and the French Revolution reached its climax. In July, Napoleon, who was already a major, led an army to capture Toulon, a royalist fortress. Therefore, he was appreciated by jacobins and promoted to brigadier general. Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers in the hot month coup of 1794, and was later removed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian legion. 1795, entrusted by the Parisian Governor ballas, he successfully quelled the armed rebellion of the royalist party, which was also a famous campaign to suppress the royalist party. Napoleon was promoted to lieutenant general of the army and commander of the Paris garrison overnight, and began to make his mark in the military and political circles. Napoleon was an excellent strategist who studied military knowledge deeply at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry. 1796 On March 2nd, 26-year-old Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army of the French Republic. On March 9th, he married his lover Joséphin Beauharnais and went to the front. Interestingly, Napoleon's descent also belongs to Italy. Although he is a French citizen, his father is Italian. In Italy, Napoleon's army repeatedly repelled the first anti-French alliance formed by General Villm Ze of the Austrian Empire and Sa Ding, and finally forced the other side to sign an armistice treaty in favor of the French Republic. This is a masterpiece of Napoleon's military history, but the French army burned and looted in Italy, which caused many criticisms. After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon's prestige became higher and higher, and he became a new hero of the people of the French Republic. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of the army of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Oriental Army) of the French Republic and sent to the east to curb the expansion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much. He was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment. He once created a mathematical "Napoleon Theorem". However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Although Napoleon commanded the French army to win an all-round victory on land. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British vice admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt. 1799 When returning to China, there were only two small ships left in the 400 warships, and the original plan to invade India was blocked and suffered heavy losses. At this time, the European anti-French alliance was gradually formed, and the royalist forces in the French Republic were gradually rising. 1799 In August, Napoleon finally decided to go back to Paris. 1799 In June, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed as the "savior". 165438+1October 9, Napoleon launched a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruler of the French Republic, actually a dictator. After Napoleon, many major reforms were carried out in politics, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous Code of Napoleon, which still has important influence, was drafted by Napoleon on the night of the coup. Napoleon himself participated in the discussion and finalized many articles, basically adopting the more rational principles put forward in the early days of the French Republic revolution. This code was officially implemented in 1804. Even after more than a century, it is still the current law of the French Republic. Code plays an important role in the legislation of Germany, Spain, Switzerland and other countries. In an announcement to the people three weeks after the coup, Napoleon proudly declared: "Citizens, the great revolution has returned to the principles from which it originated. The Great Revolution is over. " In addition, Napoleon also determined the national education system that has been preserved to this day, as well as the French Legion of Honor system. 1802 In August, Napoleon revised the eight-year constitution of the Republic and changed it to life-long governance. 1804165438+10.6, the Republic Constitution of 12 was adopted by referendum, the French Republic was changed to the French Empire, and Napoléon Bonaparte was the French emperor, known as Napoleon I in history, and was officially crowned on February 2, 65438 in the same year. Instead of being crowned by Pope pope pius vii, he put a crown on his head and crowned his wife Joséphin Beauharnais as queen. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope, but he didn't have time to manage the kingdom, so he made his stepson Eugen (son of Josephine and her ex-husband) the deputy king of Italy to manage Italy. From 1803, Napoleon began to conceive that the French navy would cross the English Channel to invade Britain. Since then, his war has gradually changed from a just war of self-defense to an unjust war of aggression for the benefit of the big bourgeoisie. He took great pains to invade Britain and appointed some relatively capable naval commanders. But Napoleon himself was not proficient in naval warfare at all, and his battle plan was unrealistic. The determination of the British people to fight against Japan led to the final failure of the war. In the Trafalgar naval battle of 1805, British general Nelson (the admiral who destroyed the French fleet in the war of recruiting Egypt) was killed, but the French commander Villenave was captured and the French navy was almost wiped out. Since then, France has lost its maritime hegemony with Britain. But Napoleon had no time to take care of such things, because Britain had provoked Austria, Russia and other continental European countries to form a third anti-French alliance in order to understand the ocean, and Napoleon had to give up his battle plan to invade Britain. 1805 In August, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance, so Napoleon left Paris on September 24 and went eastward in person. By June of 10, the fighting forces of Faosterritz had occupied Munich. 101October 17 After the fierce battle between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire in Ulm, the anti-French alliance surrendered. After that, on February 2nd, 12, the first French Empire defeated 90,000 Russian-Austrian allied forces with a weak force of 70,000 people, forcing the Austrian Empire to cancel the title of Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon then joined the German vassal states to form the "Rhine Federation" and put it under his own protection. The following autumn, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia and Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance. June 65438+10/October 65438+April, Napoleon led an army to attack the Prussian army. At the Battle of Jena, he concentrated 90,000 troops to attack Pu Jun, but this was not the main force of Pu Jun at all. In Ohrstedt, 20,000 inferior troops of French Marshal Davao met the main force of 50,000 troops under the personal command of the King of Prussia. Marshal Davao struggled to command the 20,000-strong army to defeat the Prussian army, and Pu Jun was almost wiped out. The king and queen of Wang Pu fled for their lives. Napoleon thus gained most of Germany. 1In June, 807, the French army defeated the Russian army in the Battle of Ailao and the Battle of Friedland, Poland. Napoleon met with Russian czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty. The year before last, Napoleon issued an Amnesty order in Berlin, announcing the mainland blockade policy and prohibiting any trade between the European continent and Britain. From then on, the supremacy of the first French Empire in the European continent was established. Napoleon I was also the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Federation and the arbiter of the Swiss Federation, and named his brothers Joseph, Louis and Jerome the kings of Naples, Holland and Westphalia respectively. Dominate Europe1At the end of 807, internal unrest broke out in Spain, and the Spanish king was spurned by the people. Napoleon took the opportunity to invade Spain and made his eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain. But this move was opposed by the Spanish, and Napoleon could not quell the local riots at all. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intervened in the Spanish dispute on 1808. British troops landed in Montego Bay on August 8th and occupied the whole of Portugal on August 30th. Later, with the support of local nationalists, they gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon's war of aggression in Spain was a big mistake in his strategy. Since then, the French army has fallen into the dilemma of fighting on two fronts, with the western front fighting on the Libyan peninsula and the eastern front dealing with the anti-French alliance. At the beginning of 1809, when Napoleon fell into the quagmire of Spain, the fifth anti-French alliance was established. The Austrian Empire attacked French territory in Germany from behind, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Spain and lead his army eastward. From April19 to 23, the French army won all five wars and occupied Vienna on May 13. Napoleon and Archduke Charles commanded the troops to join forces in the Battle of Aspen-Esslin, and the French army was defeated. Marshal Rana was killed, and the French army was forced to retreat to Luobao Island, killing and injuring more than 30,000 people and capturing more than 20,000 Austrian casualties. This is the first defeat since Napoleon unified the army himself. Although he has suffered several defeats before, he didn't command them himself. However, Napoleon turned defeat into victory with his iron will, and the French army won a decisive victory in the Battle of Vagram on July 5-6, forcing Austria to sign the Vienna Peace Treaty and cede land again. The following year, Napoleon married Princess Maria Luise of Austria, France and Austria formed an alliance, and the first French Empire reached its peak. Napoleon became the hegemon of Europe, the same as Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great. For several years, Napoleon did not wage war. Defeating Russian Napoleon always wants to rule the whole of Europe. Only Russia is not under his control on the European continent, and Napoleon understands that only stepping on Russia can conquer Britain. It's not that he didn't consider the consequences of attacking Russia, but that his unparalleled military talent declined in 18 12 because of his arrogant ambition. At its peak, the territory of the first French Empire (18 12) French troops retreated from Russia 18 12. In May, Napoleon led 570,000 troops who spoke 12 languages to March into Russia. The Russian army resolutely opposed Napoleon's aggression. Although the French army won all the way, the casualties were extremely heavy. 1865438+On September 7, 2002, after the Battle of Borodino (30,000 French troops were killed and seriously injured), the French army was about to enter Moscow. Russian commander Kutuzov pushed his way through the crowd and decided to give up the capital. He wants to preserve the effective strength of the other half of the Russian army. /kloc-In September of 0/6, Napoleon entered Moscow on a burly horse, and Alexander I and Kutuzov, together with senior Russian generals and most Moscow residents, had already left Moscow. Napoleon thought Alexander I would compromise, but he was greeted by a sea of fire all over Moscow. The coming winter, the Russian people's resolute refusal to surrender, and a failed coup planned by General Male at home at this time forced him to rush back to France. Napoleon defeated Russia in the cold winter in Russia, and the ever-present Russian pursuers and guerrillas also made Napoleon tremble. The French army either died or froze to death, and finally less than 30,000 people returned to France. Since then, the army that made Europe tremble has ceased to exist. After the failure of the expedition to Russia, the first empire of France was greatly weakened, and the declining France will face the whole Europe that was forced to submit. After Napoleon's disastrous defeat in the Russian battlefield, Alexander was ambitious and decided to immediately organize troops to completely defeat France in order to dominate Europe. However, when the Russian army pursued the defeated French army, it also suffered a great blow, so Alexander I decided to form an anti-French alliance. Of course, Napoleon also tried to block the establishment of the anti-French alliance. Through Princess Desire of Sweden, he hoped that her husband, Crown Prince Bernardote of Sweden, would join the French side, but in the end he failed. At the same time, he established his wife, Princess of Austria and Queen Louise as the regent of the empire to contain Austria. However, in 18 13, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Prussia and Sweden formed the sixth anti-French alliance, and the two sides fought fiercely in Germany many times. Although the French army won many victories in Luzen and Baochen, Napoleon was under increasing pressure. After a short truce, as Austria fell into an anti-French alliance, the allied forces surpassed Napoleon. The war in Europe has rekindled. In August, Napoleon commanded a defensive war in Dresden, the capital of Saxony, and won. Due to the lack of cavalry, the French army failed to expand the results. Since then, the French army has repeatedly suffered setbacks in Germany. In the battle of Leipzig from June 65438 to 19 10, the French army concentrated155,000 people, and the allied forces were twice as strong as the French army. Although French Marshal Miao La's cavalry began to defeat the three emperors of Russia and Russia and fled, the allied soldiers surrounded Leipzig in six ways, and the French artillery shells ran out, and Napoleon was forced to retreat. On the way back, the French army suffered a heavy blow from the allied forces, leaving only 56,000 beaten soldiers. The Rhine Federation was dissolved soon. Allied forces were able to March into Atlas, Napoléon Bonaparte (14). 18 14, the anti-French alliance once again proposed a truce, that is, the French territory was restored to the state of 1790. Napoleon thought it was an insult and refused to accept it. He reorganized the army to fight again, but the French army had only 65,438+10,000 people, while the allies had 350,000 people! 654381October 29th, in Brienne, Napoleon revisited his old place. He commanded the army to defeat the Prussian army and restored the low morale since the Battle of Leipzig. 1 in February, the French army and allied forces fought again on the larotier river. Although they lost, the French army showed great courage. From February of 10 to February of 14, Napoleon commanded the French army to defeat the allied forces in Paubel, Mont Millare, Chateautier, Woshang and other places, which shows that his military talents are being greatly exerted. 1865438+March 3, 20041day, Paris was occupied. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, and Napoleon had to abdicate. Napoleon wanted his son, the king of Rome, to inherit the throne in the name of Napoleon II, but he was rejected by the anti-French alliance. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict at Fontainebleau Palace in Paris, and two days later Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender. The first empire of France perished. Napoleon himself was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he abdicated. Napoleon kept the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to that small island. Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to the island of Elba and tried to commit suicide. In Paris, Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to France, became the king of France again, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. Napoleon's wife and son were placed under house arrest by Austria, and it was rumored that Napoleon would be exiled to an island in the Atlantic Ocean. Napoleon had no choice. He paid close attention to the changes in the situation in France. The army and the people could not bear the exploitation of the French aristocrats headed by Louis Stanislas Xavier, and almost all thought Napoleon was their real monarch. Napoleon realized that it was time for restoration. He finally 18 15 escaped from the island on February 26th, leading 7000 troops. The French army sent to stop him continued to support Napoleon. Napoleon made a speech all the way, announcing that he would bring peace to France and would not expand outward. In addition, he will no longer practice autocratic rule, but change to a constitutional monarchy to ensure people's freedom. The king sent troops to intercept many times, but all the troops defected as soon as they saw the emperor. Cambacherez, Davao, Maretheu, Ney, Sirte and other civil and military ministers returned to his side. On March 20th, Napoleon returned to Paris. By this time, his regular army10.4 million people, volunteers 200 thousand people. Louis Stanislas Xavier escaped and the Hundred Days Dynasty began. The Hundred Days Dynasty did not last long. European countries quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance. They have a total of 700,000 troops, while France has only 284,000. Napoleon analyzed the situation and thought that the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces only needed a small amount of troops to contain it, and the key target was the Anglo-Prussian Coalition forces in Belgium. On June 6th, he led his troops to Belgium and decided to capture Brussels. On June 16, Napoleon unexpectedly defeated Pu Jun in the Battle of Lini. However, due to the slow action of the French army, Napoleon originally planned to annihilate Pu Jun, but the battle of Lini only turned into a rout, so Napoleon had to send Marshal grouchy to lead some troops to pursue Pu Jun. Battle of Waterloo 1865438+June 200518, the Battle of Waterloo started. The commander of the British army is Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington. 72,000 French soldiers and 68,000 British soldiers fought a decisive battle to change19th century near the town of Waterloo. The main attack direction of the French army was the highland of Mount St. John, but the highland was never captured. In addition, most of the generals who have the ability to command the army in the French army did not participate in this battle, which led to the incompetence of the French army everywhere, including Napoleon's eighth brother Jerome. When the Battle of Waterloo lasted for a long time, Marshal Ney led the cavalry to the highland of Mount St. John and began to charge like the cavalry in the battles of Moscow and Leipzig. Although the cavalry charge has no tactics, it is really sharp. The French cavalry broke through the phalanx and seized a large number of batteries. The British army was killed out of the water and Wellington's face changed greatly. However, British troops struggled to stop the French onslaught. Although Napoleon's victory was in sight, he saw Prussian troops reinforce here at noon, but it was too late for Marshal grouchy, the savior. The British and French armies suffered heavy casualties, but the French army gained the upper hand. However, at 7 o'clock in the evening, the Prussian army was suddenly killed under the leadership of the deputy commander Biro, and the French army was defeated. They ran like hell. Although Napoleon and Ney tried to save the day, everything was in vain. General Brauner's last French phalanx was wiped out, and Waterloo was full of deserters. Napoleon had to be completely annihilated, and the fiasco of Waterloo completely disintegrated the Hundred Days Dynasty. After Napoleon's defeat, the French people and his ministers strongly demanded his dictatorship and overthrew the parliament that forced him to abdicate. However, because Napoleon knew this, the bourgeoisie had abandoned him. Therefore, he refused to launch the people's war of resistance. On June 22, Napoleon abdicated, and the British decided to exile him to St. Helena, and they were very rude to him, leaving him no emperor's name. Elegy of the Island 18 15 10 In October, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. He chose Bertrand, Montoren, Count Las Vegas and General Gurgaode to accompany him. St. Helena faces the African continent across the sea, so Napoleon can't escape, and he doesn't intend to escape, because he was completely desperate after the Battle of Waterloo. After Napoleon went ashore, he stayed at the home of British businessman Balkan. Later, he had a long wooden manor and lived there. He began to write his memoirs, which were dictated by him and recorded by the Count of Las Vegas. Here he also made a famous remark that "China is a sleeping lion, and once he wakes up, it will shock the world". Napoleon was exiled to st Helena 182 1. On May 5th, Napoleon died on the island. On May 8th, the conqueror was buried beside Torbett Spring in St Helena and paid tribute to him. Today, there are still different opinions about the cause of Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of doctors in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland showed that he died of a severe gastric ulcer, but new research believes that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning. Moreover, from the wallpaper that the nobles loved in those days, historians also found minerals containing arsenic, presumably because the environment was humid and arsenic infiltrated into the environment. There is also a saying that Count Monkholon put arsenic in Napoleon's wine for a long time because he was bribed by the British and was eager to inherit part of Napoleon's inheritance. Nine years after his death, under the pressure of the people, the New Orleans dynasty erected a statue of Napoleon on the pillar of Vendom. 1840, King Louis-Philippe of the French July Dynasty sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's body. 65438+ February 65438+In May of that year, Napoleon's coffin was transported back to Paris, passed through the Arc de Triomphe, and was buried in the old disabled soldiers' retirement home (Honorary Military Hospital) on the banks of the Seine.