The combination of Isabella and Ferdinand adapted to the needs of Spanish social development and accelerated the process of reunification. But this violation of the peace treaty made Henry IV extremely angry. He deprived Isabella of the right to inherit the throne, made Bert Rania his successor, and sent troops to capture Isabella. This arrest was opposed by the people of Castilla and Aragon who longed for unity and stability. They took to the streets, waved the flags of the two countries and shouted the slogan "Castilla-Aragon" to stop the king's army. Isabella took the opportunity to escape. In order to fight Aragon with the help of France, Henry IV betrothed his daughter Bert Rania to the Duke of Gensky, the younger brother of French King Louis Xi. 1470, they got engaged, and the duke died suddenly on the eve of the wedding. The duke died because Louis Xi was afraid that the duke would be very powerful after marrying the heir to the Castile throne, so he was sent to poison him. 1474 65438+February 1 1, Henry IV died, and on the third day, Isabella announced her succession to the throne.
The matter is not over yet, and the question of who is the real heir to the throne has not been solved. Legally speaking, the throne should belong to Bert Rania, but her lineage has always been suspected that it was not born to the king. Moreover, in order to keep their privileges, some big noble engaged Bert Rania, who was only 15 years old, to King Alfonso V of Portugal, who was over half a century old, and relied on Portugal's strength to fight Isabella. It is unacceptable for a Portuguese to rule Castilla. In this case, Isabella's pure pedigree, good moral character and obvious ability have made her widely supported. In order to seize the throne of Castile, Alfonso V led twenty thousand troops across the border and declared himself king of Castile. Isabella is facing severe challenges. At this time, she was short of soldiers and money. However, under the call of defending the country, a team of 40 thousand people was quickly organized, and the two sides began to compete fiercely. The war lasted for four years. It was not until 1479 that Ferdinand succeeded Aragon to the throne that the allied forces of Castilla and Aragon defeated the Portuguese army. Bert Rania later spent the rest of her life at the age of 50 in a monastery until she died at the age of 68.
Ferdinand ascended the throne in 1479, which led to the merger of the two countries, but it was not unified. The two countries are largely independent, without a common currency and a common legal and tax system. What unites Spain is the common interests, not the government and the law, but the support of the Kingdom of Spain for the couple as co-owners. At that time, tariffs were also imposed between Castilla and Aragon, and Isabella had no right to ask about all Aragon's overseas territories. Similarly, Aragon can't get his hands on the new continent discovered by Castilla. But this marriage still marks "the formation of a unified Spanish kingdom."
Isabella is a dynamic and talented ruler, and she is the protagonist in their common rule. Isabella severely cracked down on separatist big noble, and Spain gradually developed into a centralized monarchy. Isabella and Ferdinand are called "Catholic kings", and kingship and theocracy are fully combined. Spain also strengthened that "heresy" refers to Jews, Moors who have converted to Catholicism (called Morisco) and those who oppose the king and the church from the dual interests of autocratic monarchy and the church. Repression and destruction. Since 1477, religious courts have been set up all over the country. Once anyone becomes a defendant, his property will be confiscated or he will be burned at the stake. Because the plaintiff is also a witness, no one dares to defend the defendant. If the defendant does not plead guilty, he will be tortured until he admits it. From 1483 to 15, more than 8,000 heretics and heretics were burned at the stake. Although this policy is conducive to the consolidation of political power, it is also very negative. In the centuries after 1492, the ideological and cultural circles in western Europe were full of stars, while Spain was silent, because under the trial system, any theory that did not conform to the government would be regarded as heresy and would lead to fatal disaster. In such a society, there can be no thinkers. Iberian peninsula in 1200.
In the struggle against Arab rule, Christians gradually formed several small kingdoms, and with the development of the situation, they gradually United to form several larger Catholic countries. From 1 1 century to13rd century, the retrocession movement developed greatly. 165438+In the first half of the 20th century, countries formed were Leon, Castilla, Nabal, Aragon and Catalonia. From 1076 to 1 134, Navarra was merged into Aragon; 1 134 Aragon and Catalonia merged into a unified Aragon kingdom; 1230, the kingdom of Leon was merged into the kingdom of Castilla. With the development of this joint process, the Kingdom of Castilla and the Kingdom of Aragon became the struggle centers of Spain's recovery movement from the early12nd century. The great development of Catholic countries is largely due to the division of Umayyad dynasty which ruled Spain and the struggle for power and interests between big noble. Under the attack of Christians, Muslims who are losing ground turn to the Moors in North Africa for help. About 20,000 North African Moors arrived in Iberian Peninsula on 1086 under the leadership of Ibn Yusuf. In this decisive battle, Afonso Vi was defeated and only 300 people survived. Ibn Yusuf took more than 40,000 heads back to North Africa as trophies and built a pyramid to show off his achievements. By 1090, Ibn Yusuf once occupied most of Spain, and only a few cities were still in the hands of Christians. Christians are indomitable in the face of great failure. /kloc-at the beginning of the 3rd century, with the support of crusaders from western European countries, the allied forces of Christian kingdoms (Leon, Castilla, Aragon and Nabal) suffered a decisive defeat in the battle of navas in Tolosa (12 12 July 16). At least 6.5438+0.6 million moles were killed. Since then, the struggle situation has developed rapidly. By the13rd century, Navarra, the three larger Christian countries formed on the peninsula, was merged into Aragon in the12nd century, then split, became a province of France in the13rd century, became independent in the middle of the14th century, and was merged into Spain in the15th century. Castilla, Aragon and Portugal, the Arabs only have a small kingdom of Granada. Faced with the general situation of the recovery movement, various Christian kingdoms fell into chaos for power and interests. After the death of Charles III, Nabal Kingdom was divided. In his later years, the ambitious King Alfonso X of Castilla fell into a rebellion launched by his son Sans to ensure his succession to the throne. Alfonso Xi died in 1350, leaving a son Pedro and five illegitimate children. During Pedro's reign, Aragon declared war on Castilla, and Pedro decided to get rid of all five illegitimate children before attacking Aragon. Military action provided an excuse for cruel revenge. Henry wanted to make fun of Pedro's wife and daughter, and Pedro executed everyone who came into contact with Henry, no matter how far or near. After Aragon and Castilla made peace, Henry never gave up the idea of revenge on Pedro. He encouraged King Aragon to fight again and transferred mercenaries from France, while Pedro made an alliance with the Muslims in Granada. The intervention of France, which supported Aragon and Henry, and Britain, which supported Castilla and Pedro, made the war more intense. French mercenaries easily captured Castilla, Henry was crowned king of Castilla, and Pedro fled to Toledo. But later, Henry and Di Gisges Lin entered Spain as commanders of French mercenaries. Henry was defeated, and Di Gisges Kling was captured, but was released after paying a huge ransom. Di Gisges Kling vowed revenge. After he met Henry, he besieged Toledo and Pedro was arrested. Henry fought hand-to-hand with him, real hand-to-hand combat, and Pedro was finally killed by Henry. Henry, the illegitimate child, became Henry II. He cooperated with France and fought against the Portuguese. Soon he died, allegedly poisoned by Navarra. His son Juan I was defeated by the Portuguese and died in 1390. Subsequently, the throne was successively succeeded by Henry III and Juan II.
Juan II was married twice. The first wife was Maria of Aragon. She gave birth to a son at 1425, later Henry IV. The second wife is Isabella of Portugal. She gave birth to her daughter Isabella in 145 1 and her son Alfonso in 1452. Henry IV was a mediocre and incompetent man. Faced with sharp class contradictions and religious contradictions in China, he was at a loss. In the war with Granada, it was also defeated repeatedly. Usually, the rewards and punishments for its subordinates are unbalanced and the employment is improper. All the nobles in China are rebellious. Henry IV also had two wives. The first wife was Blanca of Navarra, who divorced because she had no children. The second wife is Portuguese Juana, who gave birth to a daughter Bert Rania. Because Henry IV was so incompetent, some nobles announced the depose of Henry IV and made underage Alfonso king. But Alfonso died soon at the age of 15. It is said that he was killed by Henry IV, so these nobles turned to Isabella. Two forces started a civil war. 1468 In July, although Henry IV suppressed the rebellion of the nobility, considering that the opponents still had strong power, he signed the Peace Treaty of Toros de Gisando with them. According to the peace treaty, Henry IV recognized Princess Isabella as his lawful heir to the throne; The king may not force Princess Isabella to marry someone else, but Princess Isabella's marriage must be approved by the king. All Alfonso nobles must swear allegiance to Henry IV; Both sides should stop the civil war and work together for the prosperity of Castile Kingdom.
1276, after the death of Jacob I, king of Aragon, he left a will to give Wang Guoping to his two sons, which brought disaster. Brothers and cousins often fight with each other. 14 10 year, because there was no heir, the crown of Aragon king fell into the hands of Prince Ferdinand of Castile, who was called Ferdinand I in history. After Ferdinand's death, his son Alfonso V succeeded to the throne. He conquered the kingdom of Naples in 1442 and extended its territory to the Italian peninsula. Alfonso V left the throne to his younger brother Juan II (not the same person as Juan II of Castilla). He is a Castilian because of his father, King Aragon because of his brother, and King Navarra because of his wife Blanca I, Queen Navarra and the mother of Henry IV's first wife. After his wife died, Juan II became the king of Navarra. . Juan II has the ambition to unify Spain. Because Carlos, the son of his first wife, refused to recognize his stepmother as Queen Navarra, Juan II put him in prison, deprived him of the right to inherit the throne, and made Ferdinand, the son of his second wife, the heir to the throne, in fact, a prince. Juan II also married a daughter to gaston Foa, a French count, and expressed his support for the French king. This move triggered opposition from big noble, because they were afraid that the French power would grow and endanger their own interests, so they chose to support Carlos. Navarra was torn apart by the civil war because Catalonia supported Carlos and Juan II opposed it. The situation was extremely favorable for Carlos, but he died suddenly, probably by poisoning. After more than 250 years of civil strife, the recovery movement finally returned to the right track. As an Orthodox Christian, Isabella immediately set out to realize her long-cherished wish: to defeat the Arabs and completely recover Iberia after the merger of the two countries. At the same time of strengthening domestic rule, it began to wage war with Arabs in Granada in 1482. In the war, Isabella showed her outstanding political and military talents and fearless courage. She contacted Christian countries in western Europe to get support, and at the same time split and disintegrated the enemy camp, which was successful repeatedly. She mobilized the whole country to participate in the war, pawned her gold and silver jewelry to raise military expenses, and often went to the front to boost morale. 1485, she established the first military hospital in Europe, Queen's Hospital, to strengthen the military logistics support. These measures inspired the fighting spirit of the Spanish army.
On the other hand, Granada fell into civil strife. Suraya, a Christian who converted to Muslims, was the darling of the Sultan and drove away Queen Aha. Aisha fled to Guatemala, crowned her son Bao Budil as the king of Granada, and set up an army to fight her husband, expelled him from Granada, and made her son king. The situation is very chaotic.
Isabella and Ferdinand saw this great opportunity. They organized an army of 65,438+10,000 people, which was supported by Parliament 1 Wanyin Ducato. Pope Siketas IV gave them a papal decree, organized a crusade and gave them a silver cross. Under heavy siege, Muslims finally surrendered through negotiations. 1492 65438+1On October 2nd, the Spanish army entered Granada, the last Arab kingdom in Spain, ending the Muslim rule in Western Europe, and the seven-century movement to recover lost territory came to an end. In order to celebrate this glorious victory with great historical significance, almost all Catholic churches in Europe rang the bell.