I. Introduction of "Amir"
This book is divided into five volumes. The first four volumes, with Emily as the protagonist, put forward the natural and important period of children's growth, as well as the corresponding educational principles, contents and methods. The first volume focuses on how to carry out physical education for important children before the age of two and let them develop naturally.
The second volume focuses on the sensory education of children aged 2 ~ 12. The third volume discusses the intellectual education of teenagers aged from 12 to 15. The fourth volume focuses on the moral education of teenagers aged 15 -20.
The fifth volume, taking Sophie as an example, puts forward the model of women's education reform. In this book, Rousseau described himself as an ideal teacher, Emile as an ideal student, and described the whole process of Emile's growth and education from birth to 20 years old, from which he heard his thought of "natural education".
Two. Brief introduction of the author
Rousseau (A.D. 65438 +0765438+June 28th, 2002-A.D. 65438+July 2nd, 0778), his masterpieces: On the Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality and On the Social Contract.
The Essence of Thought: People's Sovereignty
Rousseau believes that human beings were originally in a primitive "natural state". There is no private ownership and inequality at this time. Private ownership has caused inequality between people, the country was born by concluding contracts, and the people are the main body of concluding contracts.
Therefore, he put forward the idea of "people's sovereignty". National sovereignty cannot be divided or transferred, and all human rights must reflect the will of the people. The law is the "general will", everyone is equal before the law, and the monarch cannot be above the law.
Third, the creative background
The coming period of bourgeois revolution. This situation is particularly obvious in France. At that time, France was a backward feudal autocratic country, and feudal nobles and monks exerted heavy oppression on the third class by virtue of feudal kingship and theocracy, which made the whole third class, including the bourgeoisie, completely in a position of political helplessness.
However, with the development of capitalist production, the economic strength of the bourgeoisie is expanding. Opposing feudal oppression, overthrowing autocratic monarchy and removing obstacles to the development of capitalism have become the common requirements of the third level. The works of Rousseau and other bourgeois enlightenment thinkers reflect this requirement.
Emile was originally written by Rousseau at the request of Madame de Chenonsov. Emile was written in 1757 and first published in Amsterdam, the Netherlands in 1762.
Expand information 1. Emil's influence on later generations
After the publication of Emile, it quickly spread all over Europe, causing strong repercussions. Rousseau's natural education thought has had a great influence on many educators, such as Bassado, Kant, Pestadzi and Dewey, who were all inspired by Rousseau's thought from different aspects.
Second, the story of Rousseau
Rousseau moved to Paris in 1742. During his stay in Paris, Rousseau met Denis Derot and participated in the writing of the encyclopedia 1749. The most important contribution is the article on political economy written by 1755.
But soon after, the relationship between Rousseau and Diderot became tense. 1750, Rousseau won the first prize in the Dijon School District Paper Competition with his essay Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts, so he became a celebrity in Paris. In this paper, Rousseau believes that the development of science and art is useless from the moral point of view.
Baidu encyclopedia-Emile