The purpose of humanistic education should consider the needs of people's own development and perfection, and cultivate natural people. Individuals are opposed to using society to restrict people's development. If it is good for personal development, then the educational purpose of middle school is good, but it is not necessarily good for social development. The purpose of education is to let children develop naturally; The theory of social orientation emphasizes that social needs are the starting point when formulating educational goals. Plato believes that the state is an enlarged individual, and the development of the individual should meet the needs of society. He proposed that only the philosopher king could rule this society. The development of the individual always depends on the society, the purpose of the society is the real purpose, and the individual is the tool to realize the social purpose. This overemphasizes the social role, but people have subjective initiative. The main points of Marx's theory of man's all-round development: man's development is consistent with man's activities (what activities you engage in and to what extent your development will reach); The old division of labor is the root of people's all-round development (people's one-sided development to an extreme is called alienation, and they are stereotyped by their monotonous occupations, but they are not fully developed); All-round development of brain power and physical strength: socialized mass production provides the possibility of human development (socialized mass production determines that people's occupation must be changed and people must develop in an all-round way); Free time is an important condition for people's all-round development; Overburden will inevitably lead to superficiality. Man's all-round development is a historical process. To achieve real all-round development, labor should be regarded as a division of labor, not a means of making a living. The combination of productive labor and education is the "only" way to cultivate people with all-round development.
People-oriented theory is opposed to social-oriented theory because it does not recognize the relationship between society and people. When people are in a state of chaos and disorder, most of them advocate social standard theory and overthrow society with individuals; When the society is rich, most thinkers advocate the theory of social standard, emphasize the value of society, and transform people with society to restrict their role.
The dispute between value orientation and social standard value orientation is nothing more than a question of which is more important and which is more priority, but the essence of the problem is not here. The goal of education-the ideal state expected by the educated, that is, the best state of human existence, should be based on the facts that conform to the laws of nature. Man should coexist with all living things and explore the truth of the universe, including himself. These are the necessary conditions and pursuits of our existence and the ultimate value orientation. No matter what kind of social structure, no matter when the generation of human beings is the primary concern, it should also be the ultimate goal of all actions, and education naturally bears an unshirkable responsibility for this. From this point of view, the realization of personal value of people-oriented theory is nothing more than the exploration of natural truth and art, and nothing more than the active efforts for the growth and happiness of other individuals; The vision of social standard theory no longer needs to stay in the passive obedience of individuals, but tries to create a good environment for completing human tasks from the perspective of social responsibility. Any discussion that separates individuals from society is limited, which is a misinterpretation of basic concepts. Society is only a structure of human existence, and the relationship between people and people as its main body is two aspects of the problem. In fact, the above-mentioned simple concepts have not surpassed or surpassed the people-oriented theory and the social-oriented theory, but are just another way of thinking about the discussion of problems and a new definition of the meaning of terms.
The value orientation of educational purpose is not a direct value orientation. People-oriented theorists and social-oriented theorists are not stupid enough to ignore each other, nor are they short-sighted enough to lose sight of the ultimate task and pursuit of human existence, but they are already discussing the realization form of their own goals. The realization of the goal and the goal itself have the same status and are integrated as one, just as simple as the integration of theory and practice. But at this time, it is meaningful for us to discuss the value orientation or realization of educational purpose, because we don't know enough about it. If each of us, Mr. and Ms., has become or will soon become an ideal self-actualizer (the word "self-actualization" here is not people-oriented) and forms a social group in a harmonious way (the author thinks that a harmonious way can be imagined based on the inspiration brought by quantum theory in physics), then any discussion we have made about it is as redundant as analyzing addition and subtraction. The discussion on the value orientation and realization of educational purpose is helpful for us to understand the truth and deficiency of education. However, people's lack of understanding of this issue has brought great losses. The author makes the following two discussions on his own point of view:
First, the deviation of short-term goals
The deviation of short-term goal is actually the confusion of understanding the ultimate goal, or the irrationality of realizing the process plan. Any utilitarian concept is short-sighted, and even the flashy enjoyment of human beings is also the astray of civilization. The collective chaos of society, such as the prominent gap between the rich and the poor or the war, is a curse on the utilitarian concept, and the deterioration of the natural living environment is a punishment for human greed. This is not to deny the progress of science and technology, but to require science and technology and beauty, artistic harmony and time to go hand in hand from a higher level. Society is engaged in this great mission, and perhaps the end of this mission is that people find out who gave this mission to mankind.
Second, and
Nbsp; unreasonable implementation method.
Unreasonable implementation makes people laugh and cry. People use their natural love to contend with the laws of nature, and the final result is to make people understand its naivety. When our educator tells students that "failure is the mother of success", he often kills the "mother of success" again and again, because he always adds "this is my failure lesson, I hope you won't make the same mistake again!" What kind words make people feel that they are actually a betrayal of the learning process. No "winner" has ever made a mistake or taken a detour, even with the guidance of the most knowledgeable teacher. The higher the achievement, the more mistakes and detours you experience. Success is a small flower blooming on the rugged roadside full of thorns, and only people who pass by can appreciate it. And educators should be guides. Because of the different colors and tastes, educators can experience more when they look back. If there are any specific things that educators need to do, let educators integrate the detours they have gone through in an appropriate way, so that the educated can experience them more conveniently. The integration process of educators is essentially a controlled artistic reproduction, and the artistry of educational science is reflected here; On the other hand, educators need to share the passion and joy of success with students in complex and profound exploration. This is as happy as sharing happiness with colleagues, relatives and friends, and students will be deeply concerned and infected.
Let's turn our attention to the purpose of education. If the purpose of education is like the purpose of machine production-making products, what about our educational products-educated people? Is there a fixed pattern according to the arrangement of educators (designers)? Actually, it is, otherwise it is meaningless for us to discuss the purpose of education. The significance of the value orientation of educational purpose is clearly reflected here, and the essence of nationality and party nature is so straightforward. In Japan, the same baby will love Japan and have the unique spirit of Japan, but in the United States, Chinese mainland or Taiwan Province Province, they will become different. The infiltration of politics into education makes education under political control, but politics is realized through education. What a mysterious cycle, in this sense, education will become synonymous with production and control! People-oriented value orientation and society-oriented value orientation are just a disguised argument under different cultural (political) backgrounds. People-oriented value orientation tends to private ownership economic system, and its society can be simulated as a "star" structure, while social-oriented value orientation tends to public ownership economic system, and society presents a "tower" structure. On the other hand, ethnic groups or societies with clear religious beliefs are mostly "star-shaped" structures, while "tower-shaped" structures are often ambiguous in religious beliefs. The vague relationship between education and society, economy, politics and religion is the contradiction of the value orientation of educational purpose. From this point of view, people-oriented value orientation and social-oriented value orientation are just a cover for class society to cover up political tendencies, and their long-term debate is only to divert the attention of the masses (educated people) and limit them to a certain extent. All educated people are absolutely awakened, that is, when they have the same consciousness as politicians, classes no longer exist. We have no intention of trying politics, but the political significance of this long debate is vague.
The existence and realization of pure human beings mentioned above is meaningful only within a certain range. Communism is a conscious ideal. We only expect the new axis era to reappear, and it will spread to every corner of mankind. The study of the Axis Age will undoubtedly bring us more benefits in discussing education.