Judging from some portraits handed down now, Confucius is always gentle and amiable. Confucius, the sage of Confucianism, naturally has many idealistic elements. As for the real situation, we don't know. However, Confucius should have his mighty side. His student Yan Hui called him "mighty but not fierce", and Confucius was called "long man" at that time because of his huge size. The information we can get about the image of Confucius is roughly like this. From the records of Confucius in The Analects of Confucius and Historical Records, we can also know that Confucius is a very emotional person, and some stories show that Confucius is a living "saint":
Confucius' happiness: Confucius took a photo with a big scout in Shandong, and his face was beaming. His disciple asked, "A gentleman doesn't like it when he is in trouble, but he doesn't worry when he is at ease." Confucius agreed and explained his attitude like this: "I am happy and smile, which makes the servant feel honored." Is this not good? "
Confucius laughed: Confucius traveled around the world in a hurry and arrived at Zheng. Zheng people say that Zi Gong is like a lost dog. Zi Gong told him truthfully, but Confucius smiled: "Say I am like a lost dog, that's all!" "
Confucius' cry: Confucius emphasized "mourning without hurting" Yan Hui died, Confucius mourned, and disciples enlightened him. Confucius said, "If you don't mourn for such a person, who can you mourn for?"
There is a saying in later generations that saints are "heartless to all things". Perhaps these stories are a good footnote to this sentence. At least, here we can clearly see what kind of attitude the sage Confucius has when facing the emotional fluctuations we often face, and what kind of thoughts the sage Confucius has when he says "stay away from ghosts and gods" and "don't know what to live and how to know how to die".
Confucius was deeply touched by the era of "improper rites and music" at that time. Confucius believed that "tenderness (that is, the ritual and music system of the previous dynasty) belongs to me", so he has been trying to restore his ideal social order. This is the "Tao" made by Confucius. Confucius thinks of himself as "words without deeds"-he is only expounding the ritual and music system of the previous generation, but this is not the case. At the same time, Confucius found the inner emotional foundation for the old system of rites and music, that is, "benevolence". "Benevolence" first expresses an emotion, that is, "love". First of all, from the love of father and son: "Who is filial to his younger brother, which is the foundation of benevolence?" From this, we can push ourselves and others, which is the so-called "loyalty and forgiveness", so as to achieve universal harmony between people. Confucius respected benevolence and thought that if benevolence was realized, a perfect self-life would be realized. Confucius' theory of benevolence had a key influence on later Confucianism. It can even be said that it is in this sense that Confucianism revered Confucius as the originator. At the same time, Confucius was also the first private school teacher in the history of China. According to historians' records, Confucius had 3,000 disciples, 72 of whom were relatively successful. Confucius advocated "teaching without distinction", and students recruited by Confucius engaged in various occupations. The content of Confucius education is how to be a suitable "person" at first, and Confucius' teaching methods are mostly heuristic. Confucius encourages students to talk about their opinions. The above situation may provide some reasons for Confucius to be regarded as the "most holy teacher".
Confucius disciples compiled The Analects of Confucius according to Confucius' words and deeds, which is the most direct and reliable information for us to know Confucius today. In addition, Historical Records contains the family background of Confucius for reference.
Confucius (5565438 BC+0 BC-479 BC) was born in the state of Lu. China was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Family calendar
The distant ancestor of Confucius was a noble in the Song Dynasty and a descendant of the Yin royal family. After the destruction of Yin, the Song Dynasty made Yin the imperial clan. From spread to, Song and Ding, and then to. Gong Min's eldest son Fu Fu asked his younger brother to worship this country. What does your father do? Confucius' ancestors changed from serving families to serving officials' families. He Zhi, the great grandson of Fu's father, is taking an examination of his father. He has served as a senior minister for a long time and is known for his modesty. Confucius' father Jia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, was succeeded by Song Sima. According to Zhou's etiquette system, doctors are not allowed to wait on their ancestors. "Five generations of relatives and friends, don't wait for the public." Therefore, their descendants took Kong as their surname. After the Song Dynasty, Taizaihua's father personally directed the uprising and killed Gong and Kong's father Jia. His descendants took refuge in Lu (since then, Kong has been a native of Lu), and his position in the Qing Dynasty began to lose and he was reduced to a scholar. Fang Shu, the great-grandfather of Confucius, was once a butcher in Fang Lu. Xia Bo's grandfather's deeds have not been tested. My father's name is Ge, uncle Zi, also known as Shu. He is a samurai and is famous for his bravery. Shu married Shi first and had no children. My concubine gave birth to a son and became ill. Later, she remarried to Yan Zai and gave birth to Confucius.
peace
According to the Family History of Confucius, the year of Confucius' birth is generally recorded as twenty-two years of Duke Xiang of Lu, but the Historical Records does not record his date and birthday, and the Biography of Gu Liang records that Confucius was born in October. Converted into the current Gregorian calendar, it should be born on September 8 +0, 5565438 BC.
Confucius was born in Shandong. Lu, his son, is the fief of Boqin, where intact cultural relics and ancient books of the Zhou Dynasty are preserved and known as the "hometown of rites and music". In the 29th year of Duke Xiang of Lu (544 BC), Wu's son was amazed at Lu. In the second year of Lu (the first 540 years), the doctor of Jin Dynasty visited Lu, and after reading it, he praised "Zhou Li is in Lu!" Lu's cultural tradition and academic decline at that time had a great influence on the formation of Confucius' thought.
Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep). Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " (The Analects of Confucius) He never tires of learning from an ordinary teacher. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".
Confucius "stood at thirty" and began to give lectures. Whoever brings a little "Liang Xiu" will be accepted as a student. Such as Yan Lu, Ceng Dian, Luz, Berniu, You Ran, Zigong and Yan Yuan. Is one of the early disciples. Lu Zhishen's sons, Meng and Nangong, both came to learn etiquette, which shows the merits of Confucius in running a school. The establishment of private schools broke the tradition of "learning is in the official" and further promoted the downward movement of academic culture.
After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance". In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them.
Confucius was frustrated in Qi, so he returned to Lu, "retiring to learn poetry, etiquette and music, and attracting many disciples". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries. At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji's family, and Ji's family was subject to its retainer. Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."
In the ninth year of Lu (50 1 year), Yang Huo was expelled and Confucius was appointed as the commander of the capital of Lu at the age of 5 1 year. "After a year's work, it's dry on all sides." Therefore, it all moved to Sikong and was promoted to be a big shepherd. In the tenth year of Lu (the first 500 years), Confucius attended the Qilu Oracle Bone Conference. Confucius believed that "those who have military affairs must have weapons, and those who have military affairs must have weapons." Early prevention frustrated the premeditated plan to hijack the Lu army by force, and recovered the land of Lu' an, Guanfu and tortoise occupied by Qi through diplomatic means. In the 12th year of Ding Dynasty (498 BC), in order to strengthen public office and contain Sanhuan, Confucius cited the ancient system that "the family does not hide armor, and the city has no pheasants", and put forward the plan of "reducing the three capitals", which was implemented through Ren Jishi's sub-road. Because Confucius took advantage of the contradiction between Sanhuan and courtiers, Ji Sun and his uncle Sun Shi agreed to destroy Fei Yi and Houyi respectively. Dan Shi was incited by his ministers, the people and his father and opposed the siege. It is impossible to set up a public encirclement. Confucius' plan was frustrated.
Confucius was an official of the State of Lu. People in the State of Qi were afraid that the State of Lu would become powerful and merge with themselves, so they enjoyed their daughters in the State of Lu and Ji. Ji was entertained by seven women and refused to listen to political affairs for three days. Confucius' political ambition was difficult to display, so he led more than ten disciples, including Yan Hui, Luz, Zigong and You Ran, to leave the "land of parents" and began a wandering life of 14 years. Confucius was 55 years old that year. Chen went to defend the country first, received courtesy first, and then was monitored for fear of being convicted. After crossing the quarry, he was besieged for five days. After the pass, I wanted to go to Jin in Puzhi, but I had to go back to Wei because of the civil strife in Jin. I met Nanzi, which aroused many doubts. Wei Linggong was lazy in politics and didn't need Confucius. Confucius said, "If you use me, it will take only one month and three years." The guards were in chaos at home, and Confucius left Wei Cao Jing to send Song directly. Sima Huankui of the Song Dynasty tried to kill Confucius. When he disguised himself as Zheng of the Song Dynasty, Confucius was sixty years old. Later, Confucius traveled to and from Cai Chen many times, which was "between Cai Chen and Cai Chen". According to historical records, King Zhao of Chu came to hire Confucius, and Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai surrounded Confucius, causing famine for seven days. After the clearance, Confucius went to Chu, and soon King Zhao of Chu died. Wei wants to use Confucius. Confucius answered Lutz's question and said that "correcting the name" must be the first thing in politics. After returning to Wei, Confucius was regarded as a "sage", but it was still useless. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ran returned to Lu and led the army to defeat the Qi army in Lang. Ji Kangzi sent someone to greet Confucius with coins. Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight.
After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.
Chronology of Confucius
1 year: 55 BC1year (twenty-two years of Lu Xianggong)
Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). Because parents pray for children.
Yuniqiu Mountain, hence its name Qiu, hence its name.
There are two kinds of records about Confucius' date of birth, with a difference of one year. Today, from the historical records of Confucius family.
3 years old: 549 BC (twenty-four years of Duke Xiang of Lu)
His father Liang Shu died and was buried in Fangshan (now 25 miles east of Qufu). Yan Zhi, the mother of Confucius, moved to Qufu with her son.
Quelli's life is very difficult.
5 years old: 547 BC (twenty-six years of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Qin Shangsheng, a native of Shandong, was a disciple of Confucius.
6 years old: 546 BC (twenty-seven years of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Disciple Ceng Dian was born in Braille Xi, the father of Zeng Shen.
7 years old: 545 BC (twenty-eight years of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Disciple Yan Yaosheng, also known as Wu Yaosheng, is Yan Yuan's father.
8 years old: 544 BC (twenty-nine years of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Disciple Ran Gengsheng was born in Lu.
10 years old: 542 BC (thirty-one year of Duke Xiang of Lu)
Disciples Zhong Yousheng, Zi Luzi and Bian Ren.
When Duke Xiang of Lu died, his son Zhou succeeded to the throne for good reasons.
12 years old: 540 BC (the second year of Lu)
Disciple Qi Diaokai was born, and Zi Ruo was born in Cai.
15 years old: 537 BC (five years of Lu)
Confucius learned more and more and realized that he should study hard the skills of being a man and living, so he said, "I am ten."
There are five, determined to learn. "("The Analects of Confucius governing ")
16 years old, 536 BC (six years in Lu)
Zheng Zhu executed the tripod.
Disciple Min Shousheng was born in Lu.
17 years old: 535 BC (six years of Lu)
Confucius Yan Zhizhai died.
This year. Ji's family gave a banquet to entertain the first-class aristocrats. Confucius went to the banquet, but yang hu, the home minister of Ji's family, turned him away.
19 years old: 533 BC (the ninth year of Lu)
Confucius married the daughter of an official in the Song Dynasty.
20 years old: 532 BC (the tenth year of Lu)
Guan Qi's son. It is said that Lu gave the carp to Confucius at this time, so he named his son carp.
Carp, the word "fish".
It was in that year that Confucius began to be a Commissioner and manage the warehouse.
2 1 year: 53 BC1year (11th year of Lu Dynasty).
That year, Confucius changed his land to manage animal husbandry. Confucius said, "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise."
(The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) Such "despicable things" should include "entrusting officials" and "occupying farmland".
In 525 BC (the seventeenth year of Lu), he was twenty-seven.
When Tan Zi was facing Lu, Confucius asked Tan Zi about the ancient official system of Tan Guo.
Confucius set up private schools around.
30 years old: 522 BC (twenty years of Lu)
It has been more than 15 years since he was fifteen years old, and Confucius has gained a firm foothold in society through hard work.
Therefore, the cloud "stands at thirty." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")
1920 and Yan ying visited Lu Qi Jinggong, met Confucius and discussed Qin Mugong with Confucius.
How to control it.
Disciples Yan Hui, ran yong, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, Liang? Healthy. Back to the deep word, and the middle bow, seeking the word,
Qu Zi Zi Mu, a native of Shandong; ? The word uncle fish, qi people.
3 1 year: 52 BC1year (twenty-first year of Shandong).
Disciples Mashi Wu, Gao Chai and Mickey were born. Zi Zi Shi Zi, Chen Guoren; Chai is tall and Qi is a local.
Uneven words are cheap, Lu people.
Thirty-two years old: 520 BC (twenty-two years of Lu)
Disciple Duanmu Ci was born, endowed with tribute, and a patriot.
34 years old: 5 18 BC (twenty-four years of Lu)
Meng and uncle Jing of Nangong learned manners from Confucius.
According to legend, Confucius and Uncle Jingnan of Nangong paid tribute to the old employees and asked them to have fun with Changhong.
35 years old: 5 17 BC (twenty-five years of Lu)
There is civil strife in Lu. "Historical Records Confucius Family" said: "Zhao Gong led the troops to attack (season) Ping Zi Heping Zi.
Attack with and be defeated. "Confucius also arrived this year.
Qi State.
36 years old in 5 16 BC (twenty-six years of Lu)
Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son". Confucius got it
Appreciated by Qi Jinggong, Gong Jing tried to seal the hole with mud, but was stopped by Yan Zi.
Confucius was so fascinated by Shao in Qi State that he didn't know the meat flavor in March.
37 years old: 5 15 BC (twenty-seven years of Lu)
Doctor Qi wanted to harm Confucius, and Confucius returned to Lu from Qi.
The son of Wu Gongzi was hired, and his son died and was buried between Ying and Bo. Confucius went to see his funeral.
My brother was born in Xu Fan and Yuan County. The word will be late, and Lu Guo will enter; Xian Zisi was born in Song Dynasty.
38 years old: 5 14 BC (twenty-eight years of Lu)
Xianzi (Shu Ming) was in power in Jin and Wei Dynasties, and he promoted talents regardless of personal relationship. Confucius thought it was a just act,
As the saying goes, "those who are close to you are righteous, and those who are far away are lifted."
39 years old, 5 13 BC (twenty-nine years of Lu)
The tripod was cast in the Jin Dynasty last winter, and Confucius said, "If the Jin Dynasty dies, it will lose its degree."
40 years old: 5 12 BC (thirty years in Shandong)
After decades of tempering, I have a clearer understanding of various problems in life, so I am self-sufficient.
"Forty without confusion".
Disciple Tan Taiming was born. Yu, Lu people.
4 1 year: 5 1 1 year BC (thirty-one years in Shandong)
Disciple Chen. Kang Ziqin, Chen Guoren.
42 years old: 5 10 BC (thirty-two years in Lu)
Zhao Gong pawns and goes public.
Forty-three years old: 509 BC (the first year of Lu)
Gong Xi's brother Chisheng. Thanks to China, Lu people.
Forty-five years old: 507 BC (three years in Lu)
Disciple Shang Bo was born. Shang, a patriotic man.
Forty-six years old: 506 BC (four years in Lu)
Disciple Yan Yan was born. There are swallows, Wu people.
In 505 BC (five years of Lu), he was 47 years old.
Disciples Zeng Shen and Yan. Son of god, Lu people. Fortunately, it is Lu.
Forty-eight years old: 504 BC (six years of Lu)
Yang hu, the retainer of Ji's surname, became increasingly powerful. Confucius called it "accompanying ministers in national life." ("The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi")
"Historical Records Confucius Family" says: "Accompany the minister to govern the country. ..... So Confucius refused to be an official and retired.
Poetry, book, ceremony and music attracted many disciples, and they all came from afar. "
Yanghu wants to see Confucius, but Confucius doesn't want to see Yanghu and the latter two meet on the road. Yanghu advised Confucius to be an official,
Confucius did not make a clear statement. It should have been done for five years or six years.
Forty-nine years old: 503 BC (the seventh year of Lu)
Teachers, students and disciple Zhuan Sun. Teacher Zhang Zi, Chen Guoren.
50 years old: 502 BC (eight years of Lu)
Claiming to be "fifty knows the destiny." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")
Gongshan didn't betray Ji's surname for a fee, which made people call Confucius. Confucius wanted to go, but he was blocked by the quilt.
5 1 year: 50 BC1year (nine years in Shandong)
Confucius ruled Zhongdu for one year and achieved remarkable results.
Disciples Ran Lu,,, and Uncle Zhong Huisheng. Lu Ziluzi, a native of Lu State: Xunzi,
Cai Guoren: Analysis by Qian Zi and Lu Guoren; High words are arrogant, and Lu people: they must be literate. Lu people.
52 years old: 500 BC (ten years of Lu)
Confucius was promoted to small sikong, and later to big Sikou, taking pictures. In summer, Ding Gong and Qi Hou will be in
Confucius on Oracle bones was wary of Lu Jun's invitation to Oracle bones in Qi State, and made preparations in advance, so he not only robbed Qi State.
Qi's plot to seek some kind of public office failed, and he was forced to promise to return Lu 'an, Shan 'an and Lu 'an.
Waiting for land.
53 years old: 499 BC (11th year of Lu)
Confucius was Lu Sikou and Lu Zhiguo.
Fifty-four years old: 498 BC (the twelfth year of Lu)
Confucius is a Confucian. In order to weaken the Third Ring Road, measures were taken to capture the three capitals. Uncle Sun Shi and Ji Sun's family weakened the family.
The ministers supported Confucius' idea, but this action was resisted by Shi's retainer and his father.
Stone secretly supports the public adoption of the father. The action of falling into Sandu fell by the wayside.
Disciple Gongsun Longsheng. When the dragon word was written, it came from Chu.
Fifty-five years old: 497 BC (thirteenth year of Lu)
In spring, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu. Ji accepted female music, and the monarch and his subjects were obsessed with singing and dancing for many days.
Manage state affairs. Confucius was at odds with Ji's family. Confucius left Shandong to defend the country.
In October, Confucius was injured by slanders and left Weiguo for Chen. Passing through Kuang, surrounded. Houhoupu
Naturally, Confucius and his disciples were besieged when his uncle rebelled against Wei. Then I went back to Dewey.
In 496 BC (the 14th year of Lu), he was 56 years old.
Confucius was summoned by Wei Linggong's wife Nanzi in Weiguo.
Lutz criticized Confucius for reading Nanzi.
After hearing this news, Confucius was very sad and praised Zi Chan as "the legacy of ancient times".
57 years old: 495 BC (the fifteenth year of Lu)
Confucius went to Julu. In the summer of May, Lu died and was made public.
58 years old: 494 BC (Ai Lu AD).
Confucius lived in Lu, and the State of Wu sent someone to hire Lu to ask Confucius about the "special car for festivals".
59 years old: 493 BC (two years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius went from Lu to Wei. Asked Chen (array) about Confucius, he was politely refused. Confucius
If you can't live in Weiguo, go to Weixi. Go to Guo Song via Cao Guo. Song Sima Huan? (Left Ghost and Right Wei)
Hate Confucius, threatened to harm Confucius, and Confucius left anonymously.
60 years old: 492 BC (three years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius claimed to be "sixty and obedient."
Confucius crossed the State of Zheng and went to the State of Chen. He was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng and waited for his disciples to come to him alone at the East Gate.
Laughed at by people, they are called "dogs with more money". Confucius smiled happily and said, "Yes, yes!"
6 1 year: 49 BC1year (four years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius abandoned Chen and voted for Cai.
62 years old: 490 BC (five years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius from Cai to Ye. Ye Gong asked Confucius about politics and discussed the moral issues of integrity with Confucius.
On his way back to Cai, Confucius met a hermit
63 years old: 489 BC (six years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius and his disciples were trapped between Chen and Cai. Many disciples fell ill because of hunger and were later rescued by the Chu people.
I met a hermit on my way back to Wei from Chu.
64 years old: 488 BC (seven years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius is defending. Advocating to clear one's name before defending the country.
65 years old: 487 BC (eight years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius is defending. That was the year when Wu Wolu was defeated. Confucius' disciples contributed to the war.
66 years old: 486 BC (nine years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius is defending.
67 years old: 485 BC (ten years in Lu Aigong)
Confucius is defending.
Mrs. Confucius died as an official.
68 years old: 484 BC (11th year of Lu Aigong).
In the same year, Qi defeated Lu, and Confucius disciple Ran Youshuai fought against Qi and won. Ji Kangzi asked Ran if he had an order.
Where do talents come from? You Ran replied, "Learning is to Confucius". Ji Kangzi sent someone to welcome Kong with money.
Kong 14 travels around the world, which is the end.
Ji Kangzi wanted to be a "land tax", but Confucius opposed it. Confucius said to You Ran, "A gentleman's trip is also a ceremony.
Take what is thick, what is thick, and what is thin. If so, the hill will be enough. "
69 years old: 483 BC (12th year of Lu Aigong).
Confucius still had a heart for politics, but it was not used. Confucius continued to engage in education and literature work.
Kong Li, the son of Confucius, died.
70 years old: 482 BC (13th year of Lu Aigong).
Confucius said that "seventy can be done, not exceeding the moment." Yan Hui died, and Confucius was very sad.
7 1 year: 48 BC1year (14th year of Lu Aigong).
That spring, hunting paid off. Confucius thought this was not a good sign and said, "I am poor." So stop it.
Revise the Spring and Autumn Period.
In June, Chen Heng of Qi killed Qi Huangong. Confucius saw the Third Ring Road and asked Lu to send troops to attack.
Did not get support.
72 years old: 480 BC (15th year of Lu Aigong).
When Confucius heard about the coup in Weiguo, he had a premonition that Lutz would be in danger. Luz was killed. Confucius was very sad.
73 years old: 479 BC (16th year of Lu Aigong).
In April, Confucius fell ill and died. Buried in Lucheng North. Lu Aigong said, "How? The sky is not hanging,
If you don't leave an old man, you will be left alone in the office, and you will feel sorry for yourself. Alas! Father! No self-discipline "
Many disciples kept the tomb for three years, and Zigong kept the tomb for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the tomb.
His name is Kong Li. Confucius' former residence was changed into a temple, and Confucius was worshipped by people.