Nursing is an important part of medical and health science and a comprehensive applied science developed under the guidance of the theory and practice of natural science and social science. Its task is to study and maintain people's physical and mental health, prevent diseases, cooperate with medical treatment, carry out nursing, guide rehabilitation, and comfort dying patients at all stages of life, old age, death and illness.
Nursing belongs to the category of life science, which is scientific, technical, social and service. Because human beings have biological, psychological and social essential characteristics, the nursing service for human health is changing from disease prevention as the center to the whole person as the center, studying the influence of natural, social, cultural, educational and psychological factors on human health and diseases, and constantly improving the theoretical and technical level of nursing.
The scope of nursing work is very wide. In the hospital, patients are inseparable from nursing from outpatient service, hospitalization to full recovery and discharge; In addition to hospitals, nursing work is also needed from families and lots to kindergartens, nurseries, schools, factories, institutions and groups. Nursing workers should be familiar with the principles and techniques of general basic nursing, internal and external nursing, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency nursing and other specialized nursing. It is also the responsibility to guide patients and their families to adopt rehabilitation, preventive health care and family care methods according to their different ages, gender, educational level, psychological state, living habits, economic conditions, course of disease and prognosis. In units and health stations with family beds, full-time health nurses should guide and demonstrate home care. Therefore, a qualified nurse must go through strict professional education, have comprehensive nursing knowledge, exquisite nursing technology and excellent nursing quality, and have knowledge and ability in organization and management, nursing education and nursing scientific research.
In primitive society, people lived in caves. In order to survive, in the practice of fighting natural disasters and diseases, there were activities such as supporting the old and taking care of the young, caring for the sick and the disabled, and midwifery. Especially in matriarchal society, women have more responsibility to protect family health. In ancient cultural life, people have been able to treat diseases by means of stretching, hot compress and cooling with cold water. In Chinese traditional medicine, it is often said that "three-point treatment and seven-point care" is a summary of paying attention to nursing. Neijing, the earliest existing classic medical work, has recognized the important role of diet regulation and nursing. During the Warring States Period, Bian Que (407 ~ 3 BC10) opposed superstition of witchcraft, attached importance to observing the illness, and liberated medicine from witchcraft. Hua tuo (14 1 ~ 203) initiated the "five-animal play" to treat diseases, which can be said to be the originator of physical therapy. Sun Simiao (58 1 ~ 682) in the Tang Dynasty not only had noble medical ethics, but also took in patients personally and took good care of them at home. He used onion leaves to remove the tip and inserted it into the patient's urethra to drain urine. This was the earliest catheterization. In the rich medical classics, many famous doctors' treatment and nursing experiences are recorded.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the introduction of western medicine, modern nursing in China gradually rose. Since 1820, missionaries from Britain, America, Germany, France, Canada and other countries have come to China to set up hospitals and train nurses. By 1936, there were 174 nursing schools in China. 1932 Nanjing * * * founded the first national central nursing school. 1934 a special Committee for nurse education was established, and the nursing school was changed into a three-year unified senior vocational school, and the nurse midwifery school was designated as a four-year school. Nurses not only work in hospitals, but also participate in plague prevention, vaccination, rescue of the wounded and battlefield rescue. In order to train nursing teachers and administrators, Peking Union Medical College jointly organized five-year higher nursing education with five private universities including yenching university, Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences, Suzhou University, Lingnan University and cheeloo university from 1920 to 1950, and held refresher courses for nursing teachers and public health nurses.
During the democratic revolution, Ms. Qiu Jin translated the Course of Nursing Japanese, which was serialized in China Women's Daily, which was founded by 1907. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, many nurses with revolutionary consciousness and skills of rescuing war wounds were trained in Jiangxi revolutionary base areas. Yan 'an Branch of China Nurses Association was founded in Yan 'an during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. * * * Comrade wrote inscriptions for nurses in 194 1 and 1942 to celebrate the Nurses' Day: "The work of nurses is of great political significance" and "Respect and care for nurses". In the war of liberation, many excellent nurses shed their blood to save lives. Li, Jiang Nanping and Zhao Yingxi are called nightingales in China Liberated Area.
Since 1949, the nursing career in China has flourished with the birth of New China. At present, there are more than 560,000 nurses in China, which is 17 times that in the early days of liberation. 1950 the first national health conference listed nurse education as one of the secondary medical and health professions. 1978- 1980 The Ministry of Health issued two notices, namely, Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Work and Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Education, which pointed out the direction for strengthening nursing leadership and improving nursing quality. Since then, many hospitals have resumed or set up nursing departments with nursing directors or vice presidents; Nurses in many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have been promoted to nurses, chief nurses, deputy chief nurses and chief nurses after examination, and obtained senior technical titles.
Chinese Nursing Association was founded in 1909, and 1964 was renamed as Chinese Nursing Association. It is a mass academic organization of nurses in China. Its main task is to carry out academic exchanges and nursing education activities and study vocational problems. China Nurses Quarterly was founded in 1920 and 1922. It joined the International Nurses Association and became the 10 member. Zhong, En, Pan Jingzhi and Nie Yuchan successively served as directors of the Nurses Association and participated in the activities of the International Nurses Association. Since 1950, Deng has been re-elected as the honorary chairman of the society, and Li Dequan has also been employed in this position. The Journal of Nursing was founded in 1954( 198 1 renamed as China Journal of Nursing), which opened up a garden for discussing nursing academic theory and exchanging technical experience.
The development of nursing abroad has also experienced a tortuous road. /kloc-before the 0/7th century, western medicine was closely related to religion, and medical activities were mostly controlled by the church. Some monasteries in Europe take in pilgrims from all over the world. Patients are treated by priests or monks, and nuns are simple nurses, but they have not received special training. During the 200-year-long Crusade (1090 ~ 1290), Christians in European countries organized rescue groups of different factions, and most of them were men. 1633, a Frenchman, Saint Vincent de Paul, opened a "Sisterhood of Charity" in Paris to gather women to learn nursing knowledge and assign them to hospitals and maternal and child rooms. 1863, German Theodore Flidner and his wife founded a training school for female nurses in the hospital to teach ethics and nursing knowledge, which is regarded as the bud of modern nursing in Europe. However, British florence nightingale (1820 ~ 19 10) made the most outstanding contribution to nursing. During the 1854 to 1856 Crimean War, she led nurses to the British War Wounded Hospital to care for the wounded and sick, improved the hospital logistics service and environmental sanitation, and reduced the death rate of the wounded from more than 50% to 2.2%, thus attracting people's attention to nursing work and being rewarded by Britain. Two books, Hospital Accounting written by her in 1858 and Nursing Accounting written by her in 1859 (renamed the Art of Nursing when reprinted in 1946), have become classic works in the nursing field. 1860, she established the first formal nursing school in Britain with donations, emphasizing that nursing is a non-religious major, and nurses with scientific training and good quality must be responsible for nurse education and management. This reform established the social and scientific status of modern nursing work. To commemorate florence nightingale's contribution to medical care, the International Association of Nurses designated her birthday as "Nurses' Day" on May 12, and established the Nightingale Foundation to provide scholarships for nurses from all over the world to study in the UK. At present, the fund is kept by the International Association of Nurses and the International Joint Committee of the Red Cross. Starting from 19 12, the nightingale medal is awarded to outstanding nurses from all countries every two years. 1983 the international Committee of the red cross awarded Wang Xiuying the nightingale medal through the China red cross. She is the first winner of the highest honor award for international nurses in China.
With the rise of modern preventive medicine, in order to improve people's health, strengthen disease prevention measures, publicize health knowledge and guide family health care, public health care (also known as community health care) has become one of the important nursing professions. William Rathbone in Britain, Lilian Wald and MaryBrekinridge in the United States and others have made some achievements in developing urban and rural public health care, especially family visits and maternal and child health care. American nurse margaret Sanger advocates birth control. She is the president of the American Birth Control Association, and this work has been supported by the society and the medical profession.