Qin Xiaogong-the foundation of reform, strong Qin Ao seven chivalrous men (you can see the "New Daqin Empire")
Since then, the political reform and reform of successive dynasties (excluding today's reform and opening up) have failed. It can be seen that the determination and courage to be the top leader in major events are crucial!
Qin Shihuang-the king of Qin swept Liuhe, the first emperor in history.
The first emperor of China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system of China, made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.
Qin Shihuang sent troops to fight in the south and north, and paid attention to the rule and system construction of the conquered land, which made the unified land rule stable and laid the present territory of China. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-great talents and extensive ideas, and monarchical power is universal.
(Emperor Hanwu cannot be ignored. The national spirit of the Sino-Hungarian War still inspires us today. )
Emperor Wu created six "firsts"; First: the first emperor to unify his thoughts with Confucianism. Second: The first emperor who founded imperial academy to train talents. Third, the first emperor who vigorously expanded the territory of China. Fourth, the first emperor opened the western regions. Fifth, the first emperor to mark the era with the emperor's year number. Sixth: the first emperor to criticize himself in the form of remorse.
As the historical drama Hanwu the Great said: He built a country with unprecedented dignity; He gave a group the confidence to stand for a long time; His country name has become the eternal name of a nation.
Cao Cao-the hero seeks romance and literary heart, and the old horse seeks thousands of miles (Yi Zhongtian tastes the wonderful Three Kingdoms! )
Outstanding politician, strategist, writer, poet, Han nationality in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Politically and militarily, Cao Cao eliminated many separatist forces, unified most of northern China, and implemented a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, which laid the foundation for the founding of Cao Wei. In literature, under the impetus of Cao Cao and his son, Jian 'an literature represented by three Cao Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) was formed, which was called Jian 'an style in history and left a glorious stroke in the history of literature.
The famous "Let the County Know the Book" was written in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (2 10), and every word was aboveboard and sincere. Cao Cao said emotionally: "Let there be no orphans in the world. I don't know how many people are emperors and how many people are kings. " That's true.
Cao Cao reclaimed land in the north to build water conservancy projects, which solved the problem of insufficient rations and played a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production. Employ people on their merits, break the concept of family status, attract the middle and lower classes of the landlord class, restrain the strongmen and strengthen centralization. The social economy of the ruling area has been restored and developed. He is good at the art of war and has written books such as Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Tzu's Art of War. Good poetry, Hao, and watching the sea. Express their political ambitions and reflect the miserable life of the people in the late Han Dynasty. They are magnificent, generous and sad, and his achievements are extraordinary.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty-the North and the South will eventually be unified, and the New Deal will forge ahead courageously.
Major achievements except the unification of China:
1. In the central government, the official system was reformed and the system of "three provinces and six departments" was implemented.
2. At the local level, from the past state, county and county to state and county. Convenient management.
3. Formulate "imperial edict", abolish torture and establish a complaint system (also known as "saving imperial edict").
4. Establish the imperial examination system and select talents among the people.
5, the implementation of land equalization system, everyone has a field.
Emperor Taizong-A brilliant eye gathers talents, and his achievements shine through the ages.
(You can see the rule of Zhenguan. )
Politically, the system of three provinces and six halls has been improved, collective deliberation and supervision have been strengthened, institutions have been streamlined, and efficiency has been improved. Attach importance to the construction of legal system, revise and promulgate the laws of Tang Dynasty, economically implement the system of equal land and the law of tenancy adjustment, take measures to put an end to extravagance and thrift, neglect thin taxes, culturally develop the imperial examination system, expand the number of candidates in Gong Shi, and attach importance to the imperial examination related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Harmonious ethnic relations and enlightened ethnic policies. Inclusive, broad and open, high-spirited and enterprising. Apply both hard and soft measures to neighboring countries and stabilize the frontier. It promoted the rule of Zhenguan and adjusted the relations of production to some extent.
Song Taizu-A glass of wine that releases military power and concentrates on leveling the world.
Zhao Kuangyin was the first emperor in the Song Dynasty. He was a famous emperor in the last generation of Germany, which was inseparable from his great achievements and perfect personality charm, mainly manifested in:
One: The greatest contribution and achievement of Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin's life is to restore the unification of the major regions of China and put an end to the warlord regime and warlord war that lasted for 200 years since the Anshi Rebellion. So that the people who have suffered from war will finally have a peaceful and peaceful production and living environment and create good conditions for social progress, economic development and cultural prosperity. There were two great divisions in the history of China, one in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the other in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. As the terminator of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the pioneer of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin was an important figure in the history of China.
Second, Song Taizu pursues the concept of "ruling the country by literature" and resolutely implements the basic national policy of "ruling the country by literature". Through a series of important measures, such as setting up the "oath card", respecting Confucius, perfecting the imperial examination, creating the palace examination, knowing people well, being generous and honest, he became the most respected king of civil administration in the history of China, and completely reversed the decline of martial arts since the end of the Tang Dynasty
Three: Zhao Kuangyin knew that his country was not well founded, and he snatched it from other people's orphans and widows, so he was afraid that this kind of thing would happen to him again one day. Therefore, it became his inevitable choice to strengthen and consolidate the embryonic Zhao and Song Dynasties and consolidate the kingship. He skillfully "drank a cup" by adopting the three major schemes of "receiving elite soldiers, slightly seizing power and controlling money valley" In one fell swoop, the historical situation of the separatist regime in the buffer region was leveled. Therefore, in the history of more than 300 years in the Song Dynasty, there has never been any serious civil strife or local separatism. Of course, some people think that these systems laid a curse for the foreign military weakness of the Song Dynasty.
Fourthly, the collective leadership of the early Song Dynasty, headed by Song Taizu, made great efforts to make the social economy of the early Song Dynasty prosperous rapidly. Song Taizu made a series of wise decisions, such as reducing corvee, collecting taxes exclusively, governing the country according to law, building water conservancy, developing production, managing officials well, encouraging farming and mulberry, and changing customs. , not only healed the wounds of the 200-year war as soon as possible, but also quickly pushed the Song Dynasty to unprecedented prosperity, resulting in the famous "Stegosaurus Rule" in history.
In addition, Song Taizu himself has several perfect personality charms: being honest and clean, hating evil, being generous, being open-minded, never tired of learning, being diligent and loving the people, being strict with himself, being quiet, advocating frugality, and setting an example. , not only has a great demonstration role in changing the extravagant atmosphere since the Five Dynasties, but also is deeply discussed by later historians.
Compared with other famous dynasties in history, the Song Dynasty established by Song Taizu reached the pinnacle of China civilization with its distinctive literati political characteristics, which can be described as the most enlightened dynasty in the history of autocratic monarchy in China. Therefore, in the history of more than 300 years, the Song Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation among the people and had a far-reaching impact on later generations, although it was weak for a long time.
Genghis Khan, the master of Tianjiao, bent his bow and shot the eagle.
Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian ministries and expanded them with his outstanding military talents, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty.
Genghis Khan led the large-scale expansion of Mongolian ministries, which opened the gap between the East and the West. Especially after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the four great khanates of Mongolia, which crossed the Eurasian road except the Yuan Dynasty, built a ditch for the cultural, life and artistic exchanges between the East and the West. China's four great inventions were brought to Europe, especially gunpowder and compass ... Sad!
Kublai Khan-China's territory has been set, and the divine wind is empty and hateful.
Kublai Khan adopted some ruling styles different from those of Mongolian aristocrats in Mobei in politics, economy and culture.
Politically:
The central government has set up a big book province in China, and the local government has set up a big book province in China.
The purpose is to exercise effective rule over the whole country; Its specific content is to set up provincial libraries in the central government and provincial libraries in local areas, referred to as "provincial libraries". In addition, the Yuan Dynasty also strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet, which became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty, and also strengthened its jurisdiction over Ryukyu.
At that time, there were ten provinces, namely Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Huguang. By sending officials to collect taxes, the Yuan Dynasty effectively strengthened its control over the whole country, and established book provinces in Yunnan, Lingbei and Liaoyang, which promoted the development of the frontier of the motherland, consolidated the situation of national unity, ensured administrative centralization, and promoted economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups economically. The implementation of the provincial system consolidated the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, which was a great development of the county system since the Qin Dynasty and had a far-reaching impact on the political system of the country later. Since then, the provincial system has become a local administrative organization in China, which has been in use ever since.
Economically:
Carry out the policy of attaching importance to agriculture.
In the early days when Mongols entered the Central Plains, according to their own living customs, they thought that the production of the people in the Central Plains would not help them, and the land should be completely idle and used as pasture. Deeply influenced by Central Plains culture, Kublai Khan fully realized the importance of Central Plains agricultural economy. As soon as he acceded to the throne, he issued a decree saying: "The country is people-oriented, and the people are food and clothing-oriented. To ensure people's food and clothing, we must attach importance to agriculture and mulberry. " Therefore, he ordered many pastures to be restored to farmland, and it was forbidden to plunder the Han people as slaves.
At the same time, the central government has set up a specialized agency to manage agricultural production-the Department of Agriculture, and it also stipulates that the increase of population and households in the areas under its jurisdiction, the amount of cultivated land, and whether taxes are fair or not should be used as the standards to measure officials' political achievements.
He also ordered the Department of Agriculture to compile a book "Collection of Agriculture and Mulberry" and distribute it to the whole country to guide agricultural production. Kublai Khan took agriculture as the foundation, attached importance to agriculture, and issued a series of agricultural books, which basically restored the agricultural production destroyed by war in the Central Plains, and even developed in some places, providing a reliable material basis for the preservation and continuation of the Central Plains civilization, and also injecting a new material basis into the feudalization of Mongolian social system.
Culturally:
Cultural convergence
Under the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, the contacts and exchanges between various ethnic groups in China were greatly strengthened. Because people of all ethnic groups live together and intermarry with each other, ethnic differences gradually decrease, showing a trend of cultural identity, which is manifested in two aspects: national integration and cultural convergence of all ethnic groups with the tradition of the Central Plains as the core.
What are the aspects of national integration and development? First; The Khitan and Nuzhen who entered the Central Plains gradually merged with the Han nationality. Second; Many Persians and Arabs who believe in Islam entered China, merged with Han and Mongolian, and formed a new nation-Hui.
The essence of cultural convergence is the process of ethnic groups moving closer to the advanced culture of the Central Plains with the Han nationality as the main body, and ethnic integration. It is manifested in the following aspects: Mongolian rulers first accepted the advanced culture of the Central Plains, and then advocated Confucianism after the emergence of the unified situation. In the central government, they set up Guo Zi School, a national school specializing in Confucian classics, so that Mongolian children can also receive Confucian education. In this way, with the passage of time, ethnic contradictions gradually eased, showing a trend of cultural identity centered on the traditions of the Central Plains.
However, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty practiced ethnic discrimination and oppression, and artificially set up hierarchical barriers between people. Divide the people of the whole country into four grades. This oppression can't stop cultural identity.
Zhu Yuanzhang-beggars become emperors, rabbits die and dogs cook (Zhu Yuanzhang-I haven't seen it yet ...)
During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, in order to alleviate the sharp and complicated class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions among various groups within the ruling class, he implemented a series of policies conducive to social progress, such as resisting foreign invasion, innovating politics, developing production and stabilizing people's livelihood, and vigorously strengthened the centralized rule of absolute monarchy in politics, economy, military and ideology. In line with this, in terms of legal thought, I think that "I will kill China" in view of all kinds of disadvantages caused by lax law and discipline at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the early Ming Dynasty, China was devastated by nearly 20 years of war. In this case, Zhu Yuanzhang implemented the policy of developing production and sharing interest with the people. 1368, shortly after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, officials from other counties and counties came to appear before the court. Zhu Yuanzhang said to them: "At the beginning of the world, the people were miserable, just like a bird that just flew, don't pluck its hair;" Like a newly planted tree, its roots cannot be shaken. What is important now is to recuperate. "
1370, Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the minister's suggestion, encouraged the reclamation of wasteland, and ordered all wasteland in northern counties and counties to be exempted from three-year tax. He also took compulsory measures to transfer farmers from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas; For those who reclaim wasteland, the government provides cattle, farm tools and seeds; It also stipulates that tax exemption will be granted for three years, and cultivated land will be owned by the land reclamation workers; It also stipulates that farmers with five to ten acres of land must plant mulberry, cotton and hemp, and those with more than ten acres must double their planting. These measures have greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for reclamation.
In addition to civilian villages, there were military villages and commercial villages in the early Ming Dynasty. The military camp is managed by the guard, and the government provides cattle and farm tools. The garrison ratio of Ming sergeant is as follows: border troops defend the city for three points, and wasteland for seven points; The mainland army is divided into two parts to defend the city and eight parts to open fields. Military food is basically self-sufficient. Shangtun means that merchants hire people to cultivate land at the border and pay food on the spot, which saves the cost of trafficking and makes greater profits. The implementation of Shangtun not only solved the problem of rations, but also developed the frontier.
In order to restore and develop production, Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to building water conservancy and relieving famine. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that any suggestions made by local officials on water conservancy should be reported in time, or they would be punished. By 1395, about 40987 ponds were opened and about 4 162 rivers were dredged, with outstanding achievements. Zhu Yuanzhang, a farmer, knows the pain caused by famine. After he ascended the throne, he often reduced or exempted farmers in disaster-stricken and war-torn areas. Zhu Yuanzhang also cherished the people's strength and advocated frugality. After he acceded to the throne, he built a palace in Yingtian, seeking only sturdiness and durability, not gaudiness, and many historical stories were painted on the wall to remind himself. Traditionally, Zhu Yuanzhang's vehicles, tools and other things were decorated with gold, and Zhu Yuanzhang ordered all of them to be replaced with copper. The official in charge reported that he didn't need much gold, but Zhu Yuanzhang said that he was not stingy with this gold, but advocated thrift, and he should be a model. Driven by Zhu Yuanzhang's positive measures, farmers' enthusiasm for production is high. The rapid development of agriculture in the early Ming Dynasty changed the dilapidated scene of rural areas in the late Yuan Dynasty. The recovery and development of agricultural production promoted the development of handicrafts and commerce in Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang's recuperation policy consolidated the rule of the new dynasty, stabilized the lives of farmers and promoted the development of production.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant, and his thought embodies the spirit of "people-oriented" everywhere. He killed landlords and officials, but never killed a civilian indiscriminately: he formulated various systems to punish corrupt officials, but more of them were tax-free and grain-free, and cared about people's livelihood. It can be said that no one in history has done a better job in punishing corruption than Zhu Yuanzhang.
Emperor Kangxi-a young man with heroic spirit, Wen Tao and Wu Lue ("Emperor Kangxi"-absolutely classic! )
Intelligence captured Ao Bai, pacified San Francisco, recovered Taiwan Province Province, expelled Russia, unified Mongolia, and strengthened the stability and unity of multi-ethnic countries.
In terms of economic and cultural construction, Kangxi also made great achievements that had a positive impact on later generations, and initiated the last flourishing age of China feudal society-Kanggan flourishing age.
Generally speaking, Kangxi advocated frugality, diligence, filial piety, cautious punishment, rewarding honesty and punishing greed. The most important thing is that he expected the Manchu family and never raised taxes.
The literary inquisition is inconvenient to evaluate (compared with the "Cultural Revolution", this is nothing)
Mao Zedong-When you are young, you can go far and lay the foundation for a new China.
Chairman Mao was in power until his death, so he was half a "monarch". )
Chairman Mao's merits and demerits have been decided, and I agree with them, so I won't say much.