6. The validity of this agreement is the same as that of the tripartite alliance. Lesson 265438 +0 World War I learned the main process of Sarajevo incident, understood its role as a "fuse" and realized the threat of unexpected events to human peace. By studying the Battle of Verdun, this paper discusses the serious disasters brought by war to human development and progress, and guides students to draw conclusions from specific historical facts, realizing that loving peace and staying away from war is a progressive modern consciousness. The agreement between triple alliance and the three countries had an unprecedented influence in the First World War, which led to the weakness of democratic politics and the prosperity of totalitarianism, and also laid the groundwork for the Second World War more than 20 years later. Reasons for the outbreak of World War I The outbreak of World War I was a process of brewing, assembling and planning after a long period of contradictions and conflicts. "Imperialism is the World" tells the formation, evolution and intensification of contradictions in European capitalist countries from this perspective. When students understand this process and the reasons for the outbreak of World War I, they should be guided by the historical origin and development of various contradictions, so that students can find the reasons for the outbreak of World War I from a deeper background. The Sarajevo incident appeared in the introduction before class, and teachers can handle it in different ways: (1) Through the narrative description of the Sarajevo incident, the story can be enhanced (students can be arranged to collect information and tell it before class), which can arouse students' interest, and then review the world situation before the outbreak of the First World War and discuss the causes of the war. (2) We can also review the great changes that have taken place in the world since the Second Industrial Revolution in historical order. Countries have gradually embarked on the road of imperialism, the ambition of world hegemony has expanded, and the contradictions are extremely sharp. Just a single spark will ignite the whole world. Contact the "powder keg" materials given in the textbook, and emphasize the fuse role of Sarajevo incident. As a representative battle of Verdun, we should vividly describe the cruel reality of war in teaching, let students understand that "war has brought serious disasters to the development and progress of human society", so as to cultivate students' awareness of loving peace and staying away from war. This is why the title of this project is "Unprecedented Disaster". War is not a tool to achieve peace. Students should be inspired to think and explore effective ways to avoid war in the process of human development. The second difficulty of this course is the analysis and evaluation of the First World War, so as to cultivate students' ability to understand historical issues and form a scientific view of history. For these two difficulties, the teacher can choose one to design according to the degree of handling similar problems in the previous teaching process, instead of solving all the problems in one class. The main contents of the textbook of this lesson are as follows, which can be used as a reference for teachers' blackboard writing design: lesson 2 1, World War I and World War II, teaching suggestions 1. Pay attention to the learning characteristics of history, emphasize the time sequence of history, and grasp the teaching materials as a whole. Guide students to analyze the world situation before World War I, understand the contradictions caused by the struggle for world hegemony among powers, and understand the background and reasons of World War I. 2. Using the story of Sarajevo incident to arouse students' interest, the national liberation movement that naturally transited to Serbia provided a fuse for the First World War ... 3. Give full play to the role of historical maps, pictures and materials, so that students can understand the formation process of the two major military groups (triple alliance map, the three-country agreement), the location triggered by the fuse (Balkan map before World War I), and express their "hegemony" ambitions (Piloff language, cartoons). 4. Pay attention to the combination of analysis, reading and examples. In the case of supplementing students with relevant background knowledge, we should pay attention to guiding students to read and teach themselves the fine print in textbooks, and develop the habit and ability of self-study. 5. Prepare relevant materials to stimulate students' interest. You can choose some movies, words and pictures appropriately, so that students can have an intuitive understanding of World War I. 6. Instruct and ask students to collect literary and artistic works about World War I, and provide corresponding communication time in class. Iii. instruction in learning the law 1. Guide students to pay attention to using historical facts to analyze and explain problems when commenting on historical events, adhere to "theory comes from history" and form a scientific view of history. 2. Instruct students to write memorabilia of World War I or chronology of major historical facts of various countries during World War I, and help students form a correct view of historical time and space. 3. In order to improve students' self-study ability, teachers can guide interested students to read books about World War I, such as the history of World War I and the modern part of world history. Or organize students to watch the information piece and film "All Quiet on the Western Front" reflecting the First World War, so as to intuitively understand the First World War. Fourth, the problem explores the old man: World War I was an imperialist war. Child: Not necessarily. In the war, the Serbs fought for national independence, which is a just struggle, completely different from the nature of the struggle for hegemony between imperialist countries. Which is more meaningful? A: This is a discussion and evaluation of the nature of the First World War. It is suggested to explain it from the following two aspects: First, the First World War was mainly an imperialist war, and the great powers coveted the whole world for their own interests, which brought great disasters to mankind. Secondly, although Serbia complied with the popular nationalism before the war and safeguarded national independence, it was a force of justice in the First World War, but it could not change the nature of the unjust imperialist war. Practice activity D and explore what important events happened in China during World War I? These events were analyzed and evaluated against the background of world history. Hint: During World War I, Japan urged the German government to declare war on China, send troops to Shandong, seize Ji Jiao Railway and Qingdao, and put forward 21 articles aimed at destroying China. The German government declared war on Germany; The rise of the New Culture Movement eventually led to the May 4th Movement in 19 19. Teachers should guide students to express their understanding, give appropriate guidance, or assist in providing relevant materials. A wide range of perspectives: for example, a country's economic strength and political status in the world, the impact of the world situation on the internal affairs of countries, and the different attitudes of the government and the people to international issues. (Zhao Jun, Teaching and Research Section of Tangshan Education Bureau, Hebei Province) Reference: Archduke Ferdinand (1863-1914), the crown prince of Austria-Hungary, nephew of Austrian emperor Franz Josef I 1889, committed suicide, and he was made the crown prince of Habsburg dynasty. 1898 deputy commander-in-chief of the Austrian army. From 65438 to 0908, he strongly advocated the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which deepened the contradiction between Russia and Austria-Hungary and led to the Bosnian crisis. He strongly opposed the independence of Yugoslavia and advocated the reorganization of the dual empire of Austria and Hungary into a ternary country of Austria, Hungary and Croatia. 19 14 In June, after visiting a military exercise on the Serbian border, he was stabbed to death by Serbian patriotic youths while visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which became the fuse of the First World War. /kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, the European powers expanded to the Balkans, which aroused the strong resistance of Serbs, and the Serbian national liberation movement became increasingly high. Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied by Austria-Hungary tried to get rid of the control of Austria-Hungary and merge with Serbia to form Yugoslavia, but Austria-Hungary tried to stop it. 1908, Austria-Hungary took advantage of the Turkish revolution to announce the formal annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the two places were ruled by the Ottoman Empire for a long time, 1878 was occupied by Austria, but they still belonged to Turkey in name), which caused great anger in Serbia. Serbia deployed troops on the border, and Russia supported Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian Empire also massed troops on the border, and the two sides were at daggers drawn and war was imminent. Germany supported Austria and issued an ultimatum to Russia on March 2 1, 1909, and threatened Russia's intervention, which not only meant fighting Austria-Hungary, but also Germany. Germany also demanded that Russia recognize the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary or go to war against Serbia. Due to the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904 ~ 1905), Russia's strength was greatly weakened, and it was unable to compete with Germany and Austria-Hungary, so it had to give in temporarily and admit that the two places were occupied by Austria-Hungary. 1912 ~ 19 13 and19/3 two Balkan wars promoted the national liberation movement of the Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and they demanded to merge with Serbia and establish Greater Serbia. Austria-Hungary opposed Serbia's expansion and attempted to annex Serbia. The Ossetian conflict has become the focus of the struggle between the two major military groups, and the Balkans has become a powder magazine in Europe. Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1965438+On June 28th, 2004, the Austro-Hungarian Empire conducted military exercises in the recently annexed border area of Bosnia near Serbia, taking Serbia as the imaginary enemy. June 28th is the day when the combined forces of Serbia and Bosnia were defeated by the Turkish army at 1389. It is provocative to choose this day for the exercise. Archduke Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, personally reviewed the exercise. After the exercise, Archduke Ferdinand was shot and killed by Serbian youth Princip when he returned to downtown Sarajevo. This is the famous Sarajevo incident. Germany and Austria-Hungary immediately used this as an excuse to wage war and provoke the First World War, which became the fuse of the First World War. After the Sarajevo incident, Austria and Hungary decided to use this as an excuse to wage war and annex Serbia. Germany firmly supported the actions of Austria-Hungary, and Russia expressed its support for Serbia. 1965438+On July 23rd, 2004, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, giving it 48 hours to reply. The content of the ultimatum is extremely harsh, demanding that all anti-Olympic activities be stopped, officials and people who carried out anti-Olympic propaganda be punished, and that Austria and Hungary send personnel to jointly try the "murderer" of the Sarajevo incident. On July 25th, Serbia wrote back and accepted all other conditions except refusing the joint hearing, but Austria-Hungary was still not satisfied. On the same day, Austria and Hungary severed diplomatic relations with Serbia. Declare war on Cyprus on July 28th. On July 30th, Russia announced its general mobilization. 1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia, and on August 3rd, Germany declared war on France. On August 4th, Britain declared war on Germany on the pretext that the Germans had destroyed Belgium's neutrality. On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. The major imperialist countries in Europe are involved in this war. Italy declared neutrality at the beginning of the war for its own benefit, and then turned to the Allies to declare war on Germany and Austria. In order to seize German colonies in Asia, Japan issued an ultimatum to Germany on August 15, and declared war on Germany on August 23rd. Turkey joined the allied forces in June, 5438 +065438+ 10. The first world war broke out. Expansion of imperialist countries in preparation for the "Treaty of Alliance" between Germany and Austria (1May 20, 882) Article 1 The contracting parties promise to be peaceful and friendly to each other and will not participate in alliances or agreements aimed at opposing either of them. They agreed to exchange views on possible general political and economic issues, and they promised to support each other within their respective interests. Article 2 If Italy is attacked by France without direct provocation, for whatever reason, the other two contracting parties must assist the attacked party with all their troops. If Germany is invaded by France without direct provocation, Italy will also bear the same obligation. Article 3. If one or two contracting parties are attacked without direct provocation, which leads to war with two or more big countries that are not parties to this Treaty, all contracting parties shall immediately put forward the reasons for fulfilling this Convention at the same time. Article 4 If a big country that is not a signatory to this Treaty threatens the national security of one of the contracting parties, and the threatened party is forced to confront it, the other two contracting parties must adopt goodwill neutrality towards their allies. In this case, they each reserve the right to participate in the war and fight their allies when they think it is appropriate. Article 5 If the peace of either contracting party is threatened under the circumstances foreseen in the above paragraphs, the two contracting parties shall promptly hold consultations on the military measures to be taken for final cooperation. They agreed that if they would join the war together in the future, under no circumstances could they conclude armistice agreements, peace treaties and treaties without mutual consent. Article 6 The contracting parties agree to keep the contents and existence of this Treaty confidential. (The above is taken from European International Relations 187 1 ~ 1898, pp. 57-58. French-Russian Military Agreement (finally ratified in June 1894+0) 1. If Germany or Italy attacks France with German support, Russia should use all its forces to attack Germany. If Germany or Austria attacks Russia with the support of Germany, France should use all its forces to attack Germany. 2. If the three-nation alliance or a country forming the three-nation alliance mobilizes its troops, France and Russia should mobilize all their troops at the same time and move them as close as possible to the border after receiving the news. France should have 6.5438+0.3 million troops to deal with Germany, and Russia should have 700,000 or 800,000 troops to deal with Germany. These troops should all take part in the battle as soon as possible, so that Germany has to fight on the east and west fronts at the same time. 4. The Chiefs of Staff of the Army of the two countries should always cooperate with each other to prepare and promote the implementation of the above measures. In peacetime, they should share information about the troops of the three-nation alliance with each other. The method of wartime communication should be studied and prepared in advance. Neither France nor Russia can make peace alone. (The above is taken from European International Relations 187 1 ~ 1898, p.109 ~10. ) The Anglo-French Agreement This agreement was reached through negotiations between the two governments on April 8, 1904, including three agreements on colonial issues. As the two countries reached compromises on colonial issues such as Newfoundland, West Africa, East Africa, Egypt, Morocco and Madagascar, Britain and France actually established an informal alliance. The agreement between Britain and Russia was signed on August 365438 1907. Britain and Russia carved up Persia to reconcile the contradictions between the two countries and coordinate the relations between the two countries in Afghanistan, China and Tibet. The signing of the British-Russian agreement marks the completion of the three-nation agreement. After the first world war, the British and French armies fought fiercely with the Germans on the western front, and the western front battlefield became the main battlefield during the first world war. 1914 ~1915 years, the Germans did not achieve decisive victory on various battlefields and were eager to change the battlefield situation. 19 16, the Germans concentrated a large number of troops and launched an attack on the French fortress Verdun. Before the war, the French army didn't realize the importance of Verdun fortress. The French army stationed in Verdun Fortress has only four divisions with 654.38+ 10,000 people and 270 cannons, while the Germans who attacked Verdun reached 654.38+00 divisions with 270,000 people, and they are all elite troops, led by the German Crown Prince himself. 19 16 February 2 1 From morning 10 to 4: 45 pm, the Germans concentrated all their artillery fire on Verdun, destroying almost all the trenches near Verdun, burning all the forests and even leveling the top of the mountain. At the same time, German airships bombed the French railway line. 24, the French chief of staff arrived in Verdun, convey the meaning of doing his duty. The persistence of the French army led to the slow attack of the Germans. However, due to the mistakes of the French army, the Germans occupied some French positions on the 25th, and the French positions were cut into several sections, and the communication lines with the rear were also cut off. Verdun is at stake. At this point, the French high command realized that Verdun's fate was linked with France, so the French army urgently dispatched reinforcements and appointed Petain, commander of the French Second Army, as the commander-in-chief of the French army in Verdun. On 25th, Petain arrived in Verdun and asked the soldiers not to retreat. Within a week after the 27th, he mobilized 270,000 reinforcements and a large number of military supplies. During this period, 6,000 French cars arrived in Verdun every day and night. The confidence of the French army increased greatly, which prevented the German attack. In March and April, although the Germans launched an attack, they did not achieve the expected results. In May, the two sides entered a war of attrition. Beginning in March, the French army turned to the Allies for help, the Russian army launched an attack on the Eastern Front, and the British army also took over part of the French defense line, so that the first 10 army of the French army was transferred to Verdun. On June 7, the Germans launched the third large-scale attack and occupied some French positions. The French army got a lot of reinforcements and finally stopped the German attack. On July 1 1 day, the German attack stopped and the initiative on the battlefield began to shift to the French army. In the meantime, in April, Petain was transferred, and Neville, commander of the Second Army, became the commander-in-chief of the French army in Verdun. On 19 16, 10 and 12, two counterattacks were launched to recapture the lost land occupied by the Germans. 18 February 18, the battle of Verdun ended. In the Battle of Verdun, 66 of the 70 French divisions participated in the Battle of Verdun, and 46 German divisions went into battle. The total number of casualties on both sides was as high as 700 thousand, of which the French army lost a little more. Therefore, the Battle of Verdun is also called "Verdun meat grinder". In the fierce battle of Verdun, in order to relieve the pressure of the French army in Verdun, the British and French allied forces launched a large-scale attack on the Somme River on July 1. In this attack, the British army put tanks into battle for the first time. The scale and intensity of the Battle of the Somme surpassed the Battle of Verdun, which lost more than 6,543,800 troops. 165438+ 10, the Battle of the Somme ended. After the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme, the two sides re-entered positional warfare. Because Germany's manpower and material resources are far less than those of Britain and France, the long-term war of attrition is obviously unfavorable to the Germans, and the Germans began to decline. So many people think that the Battle of Verdun was also the turning point of the First World War. First of all, the war caused great losses and destruction. World War I broke out from1965438+on August 4th, 2004 to1918165438+1October1kloc-0/,which lasted four years and zero years. More than 30 countries participated in this war, with a population of about 65.438+0.5 billion, accounting for 67% of the world population at that time. During the war, the two sides mobilized 73,565,438+0,000 people to go to the front. In some countries, such as France, more than half of the male citizens went to the front. According to statistics, during the whole war, 9 million soldiers died on the battlefield and more than 20 million people were injured. In addition, about100000 civilians starved to death or died in the war. According to the US dollar at that time, the direct economic losses of the participating countries reached as high as 65.438+80.5 billion US dollars, and the indirect economic losses also reached 65.438+0.565438+60 billion US dollars. In Europe, where the war mainly took place, it is estimated that the level of industrial production has gone backwards for at least eight years. Secondly, the war has also caused the decline of Europe and the rise of the United States and Japan, and the world pattern has changed. Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, the three oldest empires in Europe, fell apart, and the first socialist country, the Soviet Union, was established on the ruins of war. At the same time, bourgeois republics such as Germany, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary appeared on the territory of the old empire. Although Britain and France are victorious countries, their status has been seriously weakened. On the contrary, the United States developed its own strength in the war and became the world's largest economic power. While European countries are busy with wars, Americans are concentrating on developing their own economy. Take manufacturing as an example. During the period of 19 13 ~ 1920, the output of European manufacturing industry decreased by 23%, while that of the United States increased by 22%. From 65438 to 0920, the power generation of the United States was equivalent to the sum of Europe, with steel production accounting for more than half of the world's output and oil production accounting for two thirds of the world's output. After World War I, more than 20 countries in the world owed huge debts to the United States, of which Britain owed $4 billion and France owed $3 billion. From 65438 to 0930, 40% of the world's gold reserves were in the hands of the United States, and international financial centers began to shift from London to new york. Japan was also a beneficiary of the First World War. While the European powers were busy with wars, they expanded their power in China and other Asian countries. 1914 ~1919 years, the total industrial output of Japan actually increased by 1.8 times. Although the old imperialist countries such as Britain and France maintained their rule over the world through the Versailles-Washington system for a long time after the war, they were actually unable to control the world. Therefore, in the 1930s, faced with the aggressive offensive of Nazi Germany, they had no strength to fight back, but just gave in blindly for peace. Third, World War I created conditions for the socialist revolution. In addition to the October Revolution in Russia, many political strikes broke out in the November Revolution in Germany, Hungary and European and American countries. Since then, the socialist movement and the socialist revolution have become the world trend, and they are getting stronger and stronger. Fourth, the First World War also promoted the development of the national liberation movement. During the war, the imperialist sovereign state was busy with the war and temporarily relaxed its control over the colonies and semi-colonies, thus creating conditions for the development of national industries and national capitalism in the colonies and semi-colonies, and the national bourgeoisie and the national proletariat were able to develop and grow. Under the influence of World War I, the May 4th Movement in China, the non-violent non-cooperation movement in India and the Kemal Revolution in Turkey broke out one after another. 1903, the Wright brothers in America invented the airplane. 10 years later, the first world war broke out, and most planes were only used for communication and observation, and there were no weapons. At that time, the ordinary plane was a biplane, which could only take one person. Pilots of both sides sometimes wave when they meet in the air. Later, the pilots attacked each other's pilots with pistols, small bombs and even bricks, or smashed each other's planes. 1 965438+At the end of August 2004, three British planes shot down1German plane, which may be the first air battle in history. 19 15 At the end of the year, machine guns were installed on French planes, and a French pilot destroyed two German planes. Soon, with the help of Dutch technicians, the Germans successfully trial-produced the airborne synchronous machine gun, which can accurately shoot bullets according to the rotation speed of the propeller, so that the bullets can pass through the propeller of the aircraft without damaging the blades of the propeller. With the development of war, planes are divided into fighters, reconnaissance planes, expellers and bombers, and the scale of air combat is also expanding. In the Battle of the Somme, Britain alone lost 782 planes and nearly 500 pilots were killed or missing. Germany lost 369 planes. The picture shows the British plane that bombed Berlin in the late war. It is 19 meters long, equipped with four 350 horsepower engines, can carry 2 tons of bombs, and has a maximum range of 1700 kilometers. Read the card illustration "Tank" for free. This is the first tank developed and put into battle in Britain in World War I, and it was first put into use in the Battle of the Somme in 19 16. At that time, Britain made this armored fighting vehicle under the pretext of making water tanks. Later, according to the pronunciation of the word "tank", people called it "tank". The bibliography of this lesson [America] Baldwin's Overview of World War I, Military Science Press, 199 1 edition. World War I by Zhang Ruide, Commercial Press, 1986. [Su] Rostov's History of the First World War, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1982. Print the address of this article: No.55, Beach Back Street, Beijing, with postal code: 10009. All rights reserved: :E-mail:pep@pep.com.cn People's Education Publishing House, Tel: 640 16633, Fax: 640 10370, produced by Dahan Net and published by Dahan Publishing System.

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