The reformists, to be precise, should be called the landlord class westernization school, which is different from the landlord class die-hards. The Westernization School advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" and learning from western "artifacts", which is what Zhang Zhidong put forward ideologically.

Reformers and early reformers are essentially bourgeois reformers, advocating learning from western systems and implementing constitutional monarchy in China;

The revolutionaries, that is, the bourgeois revolutionaries, advocated overthrowing the Manchu Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. They also studied the western system, but only wanted to establish a bourgeois republic.