References do not account for the main part of the paper, but as a reference for students to write papers, they need to list their own writing ideas and norms. The following is the format requirements and format of the literature review I recommended for you. Welcome to read it.

Format requirements and format articles of literature review 1 1. Use word to make documents.

2. Thesis title: No.3, bold and centered.

Title: Small Four, Bold, Top Grid

3. Author: XXX No.5 Middle School, major: XXX

4. Abstract, keywords: No.5, bold and capitalized

5. Text and references: No.5, 1.25 times line spacing.

6. Footer: Insert page number, center and even pages.

Example: Page 1 (4 pages in total), Primary Five

7. Margin setting: up and down by default: 2.54cm；; Left and right: 3.17cm

8. Basic format:

(1) hierarchy of titles

The first-level title is marked with "one, two, ...", the second-level title is marked with "(one) (two) ...", the third-level title is marked with "1.2 ..." and the fourth-level title is marked with "(1) (2) ..."

(2) Illustrations and tables

The sequel and title of the illustration should be placed at the bottom of the illustration and printed in the middle.

The header and title of the table should be placed at the top of the table and printed in the middle.

(3) Formula

The formula should occupy one line, printed in the middle, without punctuation at the end; If there are more than two formulas in a line, they can be separated by punctuation marks. The variables in the explanation formula should be marked "In the formula:" and printed in the box at the top left. Its basic format is:

X+Y=C

Where: X stands for ...; Y stands for ...; C stands for ...

(4) Pure numbers in digital manuscripts should be represented by Arabic numerals.

(5) Precautions

Make clear the difference between notes and quotations. References are the bibliographies that the author refers to when writing his works, which are arranged at the end of the article.

A comment is a further explanation or supplementary explanation of specific content in the text, which is printed in the footer of the page. Reference numbers are marked with square brackets, and notes are marked with numbers and circles in the upper right corner.

(6) The labeling format of references in this paper.

When the sequential coding system is adopted, the cited documents are continuously coded with Arabic numerals in the order in which they appear in the paper, and the serial numbers are placed in square brackets, and the serial numbers are used as the upper corner marks or as a part of the sentence according to the specific situation.

Mark the places where references are cited. This mark is an Arabic numeral enclosed in square brackets, where the Arabic numeral is the serial number of the document. For example, the place where the 25th document is cited is marked as [25].

The numbering of documents should be based on the following two points: first, only the documents are numbered when they first appear in the text, in other words, a document has only one serial number, even if a document is cited many times in the text, the same serial number should be marked in many citations. Second, the serial number shall be numbered consecutively from 1 in the order before and after the first appearance of the document. For example, the serial number of the first document that appears for the first time is1; The second file that appears for the first time, the serial number is 2; ……。

If the function of the document is to explain the text, the serial number and square brackets of the document should be smaller than the font size of the text and placed in the upper right corner (as the upper corner label); If the document appears as a part of a sentence, the number of the document and the font size of the square brackets should be the same as the font size of the text, and they should be written as part of the text (the position is flush with the text, not as the upper corner mark). In addition, it should be pointed out that the word "document" must be added before the square brackets.

If multiple documents are quoted in one place in the text, only one square bracket is used to mark them, and the serial numbers of these documents are listed in brackets: if several serial numbers are continuous, only the starting serial number and the ending serial number are marked, and a half-word symbol is added between the two serial numbers; If several serial numbers are discontinuous, separate them with commas.

9. Reference

(1) References are arranged at the end of the text in the order in which they appear (sequential coding system).

(2) Take "references" (upper left box) as a sign.

(3) The serial number of the reference is indicated by square brackets in the upper left box, which is consistent with the format of the serial number in the text.

(4) All listed references must be cited.

(5) Bibliography mainly includes:

Monographs, papers, papers and reports

Description format: [serial number] author, document title [document type standard], version (not marked in the first edition), translator, place of publication: publisher, year of publication, starting and ending pages (optional). Among them, the literature types are: monograph [M], collection of essays [C], dissertation [D] and report [R].

magazine

Description format: [serial number] author, document name [J], publication name (foreign language can be abbreviated), year, volume (issue): page numbers.

Precipitated files in the file set

Description format: [serial number] author, document name [A], main person in charge of the collection (optional), collection name [C], place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, page number of separated documents.

newspaper

Description format: [serial number] author, document name [N], newspaper name and publication date (edition)

Expanding knowledge: reference for civil engineering papers

[1] Basic Principles of Concrete Structures, Volume I, Volume II, Fourth Edition, edited by Tianjin University, Tongji University and Southeast University, with Tsinghua University as the presiding judge. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2008.

[2] Housing Architecture, 3rd Edition, edited by Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, Wuhan University of Technology Press, 2008.

[3] Structural Mechanics, edited by Wen Guozhi, Chongqing, Chongqing University Press, 2008.

[4] Soil Mechanics and Basic Engineering, edited by Zhao Minghua, Hubei, Wuhan University of Technology Press, 2009.

[5] Structural Design of High-rise Buildings (2nd Edition), edited by Shen Pusheng, China Building Industry Press, 20 1 1.

[6] Code for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 500 10-2002)

[7] Code for Load of Building Structures (GB 50009-200 1)

[8] Code for Design of Building Foundation (GB 50007-2002)

[9] Code for Load of Building Structures (GB 50009-200 1)

[10] drawing standard for building structures (GB/T 50105-2001);

[1 1] Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2010);

[12] Unified Standard for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Building Engineering (GB50300-200 1)

[13] manual of reinforced concrete structure

[14] concrete structure calculation manual;

[15] Drawing rules and structural details of overall representation of concrete structure construction drawing plane (03G 10 1- 1)

[16] Atlas of Reinforced Concrete Foundation Beams (04G320)

[17] Guide to Steel Structure Design and Examples Selection, China Building Industry Press.

[18] structural concept and system [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1999.

[19] Design example of frame structure construction drawing [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2007.

[20] Calculation, analysis and design example of frame structure [M]. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 2008.

[2 1] drawing standard of building structure (GB/t 50105—2001) [s]. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2002.

[22] Unified Standard for Structural Reliability (GB 50068-200 1) [S]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2001.

[23] architectural drawing standard (GB/t50104-2001) [s]. People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) national standard. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2002.

[24] Unified Standard for Architectural Drawing (GB/T50001-2001) [S]. People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) National Standard. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2002.

[25] Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Buildings (JGJ3-2002) [S]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 200 1

Format requirements and format articles of literature review II. introduce

The main purpose of the preface is to give researchers and readers a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text. The main points of his writing are: the purpose of the research, the scope of the review, the research status of related topics or a brief description of the focus of the debate. Of course, not all the key points are listed one by one, but we should focus on them according to the needs of research.

In writing practice, this part is often omitted. In order to strengthen the requirements of this part of writing, through the analysis of several cases, we can further understand and grasp it.

Example 1: Preface to the Literature Summary of Collective Lesson Preparation

Collective lesson preparation is one of the basic forms of teaching and research activities. With the deepening of the new curriculum reform, collective lesson preparation has attracted more and more attention from schools, teachers and researchers. In the process of applying this teaching and research model, many problems are highlighted. The discussion about collective lesson preparation is also increasingly fierce (the above points out the necessity of research). In order to make collective lesson preparation better serve education and teaching, we have read, screened, analyzed and summarized the existing literature about collective lesson preparation in China, and tried to sort out the representative views from the aspects of the concept, operation mode, controversy and research trend of collective lesson preparation, which are summarized as follows ...

The preface of this paper mainly outlines the "research significance and review scope".

Example 2: Foreword of Literature Review on Countermeasures for Transforming Students with Learning Disabilities

The topic of "transforming students with learning difficulties" has been studied comprehensively and systematically at home and abroad, especially the definition, types, characteristics, causes, theories and countermeasures of students with learning difficulties have been discussed in detail. ...

Although the preface of this literature review is short, it briefly explains the research status and focus issues.

Example 3: Preface of Literature Review of "Research on Developmental Supervision Service Mechanism of Regional Schools"

In the past developmental supervision work, the supervisor has done a lot of service work that is beneficial to the development of the school and has been well received by primary schools. However, due to the influence of supervision cybernetics for a long time, there are some misunderstandings in the understanding of the relationship between supervision and guidance, supervision and service, and the service consciousness and methods of supervision and service need to be greatly changed and improved. Especially in the process of supervision and evaluation of developmental education, how the inspectors change from "condescending" to "full service" still needs our continuous research, practice, summary and innovation (research significance). Therefore, based on the unresolved problems in the above-mentioned supervision practice, we launched the "Study on the Developmental Supervision Service Mechanism of Regional Schools" in order to better carry out the developmental education supervision. In order to fully understand the history, present situation and prospect of this study, we have read, screened, analyzed and summarized the existing research literature at home and abroad, and tried to sort out the representative views from the research ideas of "how to form, establish and practice the concept of supervision service" (the scope of review). The main literature research contents are summarized as follows:

The preface of this paper mainly outlines the purpose, significance and scope of the study.

As can be seen from the above three writing cases, the content of the preface mainly highlights the requirements of "the purpose of the research, the scope of the review, and briefly explain the research status or the focus of debate on related topics" according to the actual needs of the research. Of course, you can also briefly explain the connotation and writing intention of special research according to your own research needs.

Second, the theme part

The topic part is the main body of comments, and there are various ways to write it, and there is no fixed format. But it is generally believed that it can be written in the following form.

Can be summarized in chronological order

It can be summarized by development stage.

Can be summarized according to different topics (problems)

It can be compared and summarized from different angles.

No matter what writing format you use, the focus of this part is to clarify the historical development, current situation review and development direction prediction of the research, as well as your simple comments on these studies. This part is the backbone of literature review, and how to grasp this part is particularly important, but there are also many problems in this part. For example, in literature review, the common mistake is to introduce one author's point of view, then another author, then the next author ... so how to avoid this kind of problem is to learn to use simple conjunctions.

1. Connect words with similar views.

Similarly, in addition, in addition, similarly ...

For example, "Discussion on the Connotation of School Independent Evaluation" in the project of "Action Research on Regional School Independent Evaluation": the academic circles have explained the connotation of school independent evaluation from different aspects. There are many expressions of independent evaluation abroad. A prominent view is to link school independent evaluation with action research, and think that the process of school independent evaluation is the process of action research. Such as Cary and Jimmy Carr &; Kemmis) defines action research as the investigation process of participants' self-feedback, with the purpose of making their own behaviors more reasonable and legal, and better understanding their own behaviors and the situations in which their behaviors occur. The independent evaluation of schools is established according to such a concept. DarlingHammond) has a similar view. He believes that school self-evaluation is a process of action research. ...

Analysis: "There are many ways to express independent evaluation abroad, one of which is to highlight opinions". This is a writing technique, and there may be many viewpoints in the research of the subject. You can't list all the points, but you can write out the more prominent points for analysis. "Darling Hammond has a similar view." This is a conjunction, and it can be seen that the conjunction "Ye" is naturally used in the text.

2. Tandem words with different views

However, on the other hand, even so. ...

For example, the study of "off-campus education": as an academic discipline, the connotation of "off-campus education" is varied. Most scholars believe that "off-campus education" is an educational activity that takes place and is carried out outside the school. It is for students to organize and guide the education and entertainment activities in sports, art, natural science and social science in their spare time according to the national educational objectives and policies. However, Shen Mingde believes that "off-campus education" is an important part of socialist education, a part of basic education and an important form of modern education. ...

Analysis: Most scholars think that … summarizes most of the same viewpoints; "However ..." means a turning point, highlighting different views or voices.

3. The expression of the author's own views

It can run through the theme part of the literature, and express your opinions at any time after describing each question or viewpoint. The so-called personal opinion is actually to summarize and comment on the literature with your own understanding and language.

For example: ... Comparing the above different definitions comprehensively, the author thinks that "after-school education" can reach a consensus from the following aspects: (1) "after-school education" is an educational activity carried out outside the school teaching plan and in the spare time. (2) The object of after-school education is children. (3) "Off-campus education" plays an important role in the growth of primary and secondary school students.

For another example, it is not difficult to see from the above that there is little difference in the expression of these goals and objectives, but if we consider and compare them from the deep meaning, we can draw the following results.

4. Some common sentence patterns

This paper summarizes the key problems in the study of … and points out the main progress in the study of … and …. The types, influencing factors, process mechanism and description method of … are discussed. On this basis, the research prospect of the law of … is prospected. Previous studies mainly focused on …… (depth) …… (breadth) …… (controversial issues) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

These sentence patterns actually tell your readers that you have analyzed the information. In addition, you can also use words such as "obviously", "usually" and "generally" to express a scholar's research level, or use words such as "therefore", "that is to say" and "for example" to give examples. This will ensure that you are summarizing the data rather than simply describing the achievements in your research field.

Third, the summary part.

It is necessary to affirm the research foundation laid by predecessors in this field; At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the shortcomings of previous studies, set off the necessity and theoretical value of further research, and finally put forward my own suggestions.

Generally speaking, this is a forward-looking structure. If it is a literature review before the opening report, it is necessary to make clear what you want to do.

Example 1: a summary of the research on the construction mode of internal management system in primary and secondary schools.

Looking at the above research, a lot of research has been done at home and abroad in the educational administrative management system, principal responsibility system, educational policies and regulations, which provides a certain research basis for the research of this topic (definitely existing research). However, there are relatively few special studies on the construction of school internal management system, which are mainly limited to the following aspects. Moreover, it is a pity that the theoretical depth of these studies is relatively insufficient, and the basic theory of system construction has not been deeply and systematically discussed, such as: how the system came into being, what factors affect the implementation effect of the system and so on. (pointing out the shortcomings of the research)

Comments: The author made a critical summary.

Example 2: Literature Review of "Off-campus Education Research"

..... The above viewpoints have a good guiding role in the construction and development of "off-campus education" both in theory and in practice. (There must have been research) But their thinking is more inclined to "off-campus" activity areas, and they have not considered "off-campus education" in connection with school education. (Pointing out the deficiency of the research) The author thinks that school education must be relied on to carry out "off-campus education" better. Although they have different characteristics in essence, on the premise of educating students, they complement each other and are indispensable ... (The further research direction is put forward)

Comments: The author not only made a critical summary (both affirming and pointing out the shortcomings), but also put forward his own views on it.

Fourth, the reference part

Although the reference part is placed at the end of the article, it is an indispensable part of literature review. Because its writing not only shows the respect for the author of the cited literature and the basis for quoting literature, but also provides clues for readers to discuss related issues in depth. This paper mainly puts forward the matters needing attention according to the mistakes easily made in practice.

The arrangement of references should be clear and easy to find, accurate in content and standardized in format.

The number of references cited by periodicals is generally limited to 20, but not more than 30, not the more the better; 3-5 years is the best time for data, and the longer the better.

References cannot be omitted. Some scientific research papers can omit references, but the literature review must not be omitted, and it should be the literature cited in the paper, which can reflect the whole theme and the author can read it directly.

Literature collection should be as complete as possible. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good summary, otherwise it is impossible to write a summary by collecting a little information casually.

Data collection should be aimed at mainstream literature, such as core journals, classic works, research reports of full-time departments, and opinions of important people.

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