1, alias
Dafengteng, Fangfeng Powder, Fangji, Paifengteng, Fangji.
2. Source
This product is the dried rattan stems of Sinomenium and Sinomenium of Menispermaceae. Cut, bundle or cut into long sections in late autumn and early winter, and dry.
3. Sexual taste orientation
Bitter, bitter and flat. Entering the liver and spleen meridians.
4. Function indication
Dispelling wind and removing dampness, dredging channels and benefiting water. Used for rheumatism, joint pain, joint swelling, paralysis and itching.
5. Usage and dosage
6~ 12g .
6. storage; stock
Put it in a dry place.
Step 7 deal with
Remove impurities, slightly soak, fully wet, cut into thick slices, and dry.
8. Traditional Chinese medicine characteristics
This product is long and cylindrical, often slightly curved, with a length of 20 ~ 70 cm or longer and a diameter of 0.5 ~ 2 cm. The surface is greenish brown to brownish brown, some are grayish brown, with thin longitudinal stripes and lenticels. Nodes are slightly enlarged and branched. Light, hard and brittle, easily broken, uneven section, grayish yellow or grayish brown, thin skin, radial arrangement of wood rays, yellowish white or yellowish brown pulp. Slight breathing and bitterness.
9. Identify
(1) The cross section of this product: 1 expels epidermal cells, with thick cuticle and some cork cells. There are scattered fibers and stone cells in the cortex. The stele sheath fiber group is crescent-shaped, and its inner side is often 2 ~ 5 rows of stone cells, which extend tangentially and connect with the stone cell group in radiation to form a ring. The rays of phloem of external tough vascular bundle gradually widen outward, and conical or branched stone cells can be seen; Most phloem cells are rotten, and some cells have 1 ~ 3 fibers scattered outside and rows of parenchyma cells inside. Xylem vessels are scattered or connected tangentially. The cell wall of medullary ring is slightly thicker with obvious pits. The parenchyma cells contain starch granules and needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate. The powder is yellowish brown or grayish brown. Epidermal cells are yellow or yellow-brown, and the cross section is round or rectangular, with a diameter of 24 ~ 78 microns and covered with stratum corneum. Stone cells are light yellow or yellow, square, spindle, oval or irregular, with thick walls and obvious holes and grooves. The cortical fibers are yellowish or yellow, with a diameter of 27 ~ 70μ m, extremely thick walls and narrow cell cavities. Calcium oxalate has fine needle-like crystals and exists in parenchyma cells.
(2) Take 2g of this product powder, add 25ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 65,438+0h, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and add 65438±0ml of ethanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another sinomenine reference substance was added with ethanol to prepare a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (Appendix ⅵ b), absorb 5μl of the above two solutions, respectively spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate prepared with 2% sodium hydroxide solution, and take out the upper solution of toluene-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (2: 4: 2: 1) below/kloc-0℃ as the developing agent. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear in the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample.
10, content determination
According to high performance liquid chromatography (appendix ⅵ d).
Silica gel (about 5μm in diameter) is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability tests. Methanol-ethylenediamine (100: 0. 125) is the mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 262 nm. Calculated by sinomenine peak, the theoretical plate number should not be less than 1500.
Preparation of reference solution Accurately weigh the right amount of sinomenine reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test solution: Take 0.5g of this product powder (pass through No.3 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in a conical bottle with a stopper, add 20ml of 70% ethanol accurately, plug it, weigh it, perform ultrasonic treatment (power 250W, frequency 20 kHz) for 20 minutes, let it cool, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with 70% ethanol, shake it evenly, and filter it.
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00μ l control solution and test solution respectively, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
This product contains sinomenine (C 19H23NO4) not less than 0.50%.
The efficacy of sinomenine-* dictionary
1 1, source
It is the vine stem of Stephania tetrandra, Stephania tetrandra or Sinomenidae. Harvesting, cutting and drying rattan stems of Sinomenine and Stephania tetrandra in summer and autumn, or moistening leaves, cutting into sections and drying in the sun. Pick old vines in autumn and winter and cut them into sections to dry.
12, original form
① Sinomenium, also known as Sinomenium macrophyllum and Akebia Akebia. , Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Radix Aristolochiae, Yan Wanjie, Paipaiteng.
Fallen leaves twine the vines. The stems are woody, the branches are green, smooth and have vertical stripes. Leaves alternate, petiole 5 ~ 10 cm long; The leaves are nearly round or ovoid, 6 ~ 12 cm long and 4 ~ 12 cm wide, the base is slightly heart-shaped or nearly truncated, the whole edge is 5 ~ 7-lobed, the upper surface is smooth and green, and the lower surface is pale. Flowers are small, unisexual and dioecious; Panicle, 10 ~ 18 cm long, more or less hairy; 6 male calyx, yellow, long 1.8 ~ 2.5 mm, hairy outside; 6 petals, light green; Stamens 9 ~ 12, about 1.6 mm long; The perianth of the female flower is the same as that of the male flower; There are 9 staminodes; Carpels 3, style recurved, stigma lobed. Drupe, black, 5 ~ 7 mm long, 4 ~ 5 mm in diameter, with flat endocarp. Seeds half-moon. The flowering period is from June to July. Born in the mountains. Distributed in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi and other places.
② Flowers, also known as Xiang, Guo Shanlong, Chuanshanteng and Weigou Peak.
Woody vines, 10 meters long, all hairless. Branches are green or purple-brown, with thin lines. Leaves alternate, broadly ovoid to nearly round, 5 ~10cm long and 7 ~12cm wide, with sharp tips; Entire, base truncated, round or micro-cardioid, base vein 5; Petiole is 4 ~ 8 cm long. Cymes axillary; Flowers are small, unisexual, green or yellow; Sepals 6, elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm long; 6 petals, nearly round, about 65438 0.5 mm long; Male flowers have 6 stamens, filaments are about 2 mm long, and anthers are spherical; Female flower with staminodes 6, ovary superior, carpels 3, divided. The fruit is a small drupe. In the bushes at the edge of the forest on the hillside. Distributed in Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi.
③ sinomenine
Fallen leaves twine the vines. Branchlets curved, slightly hairy. Simple leaves alternate; Leaf blade ovoid to ovoid, 5 ~ 7 cm long, 3 ~ 4.5 cm wide, short apex, round or wide wedge-shaped base, entire, smooth and hairless on both sides, apple-shaped; After defoliation, the remaining branches at the base of petiole are short spines, and the top is slightly forked. Flowers are solitary or clustered in leaf axils, with several scales under the leaf axils, and the first leaf is open. Flowers yellow, 5 ~ 6 mm in diameter; Calyx 5-lobed; Petals 5, obovate-elliptic; Stamens 5, shorter than petals; There is a pentagonal disk at the base of ovary, and the style is conical. The drupe is deeply divided into two independent fruits, which are flat, obovate and dark blue when ripe. Flowers bloom in March. The fruiting period is May. Born on slopes, roadsides, under forests, and thickets by streams. Distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan and other places.
13, characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine
① The dried rattan stems of Sinomenium sinomenium are slender and cylindrical, with a diameter of 5 ~ 20mm, grayish brown or brown appearance, longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticels, and swollen joints. It is light in weight, firm and brittle, easy to break, with grayish yellow or grayish brown cross section, uneven, narrow phloem cross section, xylem vessels and rays arranged radially, large vessels, and round pith in the center. Light breath and bitter taste. Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei.
② The dried rattan stems of Stephania tetrandra are cylindrical, with a length of 10 ~ 30cm. The surface is grayish brown with irregular grooves, cracks and scars. The quality is extremely hard and not easy to break. On the section, the vessel is obvious, the vascular bundle is radial, and there are clear multi-layer ring patterns, generally 2 ~ 7 circles, eccentric. The smell is weak and the taste is slightly bitter. Produced in Hunan.
③ The dried rattan of Sinomenium sinomenium is cylindrical, gray-black, smooth, with longitudinal wrinkles and petiole residue. The cross section is thin, gray-black, and the xylem is yellow-white, and the radiation is not obvious. It tastes slightly bitter. Produced in Zhejiang.
Materia Medica has a brief record of the original plant of Sinomenine, and it is extremely difficult to determine what it is. Judging from the current medicinal situation, it is mainly Sinomenium in the above families. In addition, Sichuan uses the stem of Stephania tetrandra (see Green Dalbergia); Stems of Paederia scandens (Rubiaceae) used in Fujian (see Paederia scandens); The stem of Araliaceae Ivy is still useful in Zhejiang (see "Ivy").
14, chemical composition
Stems and roots of sinomenine contain sinomenine, sinomenine, magnolia alkaloid, tetrandrine, tetrahydroepiberberine, sinomenine, tuduranine, sinomenine, dl- syringol, methyl hexadecanoate, N- demethyltetrandrine, dictamnine and stephanine. It also contains β -sitosterol and stigmasterol. The stem of sinomenine contains many alkaloids, such as sinomenine A. ..
15, pharmacological action
Effects on nervous system
(1) Analgesic effect: Sinomenine has proved to have definite analgesic effect in the experiments of electric stimulation in mice, hot plate stimulation and photothermal stimulation in rabbits. The dose required for brain injection to produce analgesic effect is equivalent to that of intraperitoneal injection 1/2000, indicating that the site of analgesic effect is in the central nervous system; When combined with propylene morphine, there is no antagonistic effect, but a synergistic effect, which shows that its analgesic principle is different from morphine analgesics. The dosage required to produce analgesia is about 10 times that of morphine, and the duration is short. Continuous use can also produce tolerance, but it is slower than morphine and there is no cross tolerance with morphine. Combined with promethazine, the effect is enhanced, mainly due to the synergistic central effect of the two drugs, and partly due to the resistance of promethazine to the release of histamine from sinomenine. The combination has no effect on the tolerance and toxicity of sinomenine.
(2) Sedative effect: Sinomenine significantly reduced spontaneous and passive activities in mice, but had no significant effect on barbiturate sleep time; It has a certain antagonistic effect on strychnine (reducing the seizure threshold of strychnine in mice), but it cannot antagonize pentylenetetrazol. Dogs and monkeys taking sinomenine 45 ~ 95 mg/kg orally also have significant sedative effect. Low dose (5 ~ 10 mg/kg) can prolong the latency of defensive motor conditioned reflex in mice and cats, some conditioned reflexes disappear, and a few unconditioned reflexes disappear later, indicating that it initially inhibits the excitement of higher nerve activities. Sinomenine can also eliminate the "stimulus" reaction caused by electrical stimulation in mice, which seems to have a stabilizing effect.
(3) Other effects: Sinomenine has antitussive effect, and its antitussive effect is similar to codeine in mice and cats; For guinea pigs, its titer is only 1/4 of codeine. Promethazine can enhance its antitussive effect. In addition, it has a slight emetic effect and has no effect on vomiting caused by injection of dehydrated morphine. Large dose of injection into abdominal cavity of rats has a certain cooling effect. When rabbits are injected with toxic dose, their body temperature also drops, but if they are given repeatedly, they can produce tolerance and their body temperature will no longer drop. It is reported that it has a local anesthetic effect on rabbit cornea and can be used as a local infiltration anesthetic, but it can also produce tolerance. If the injection is continued, the effect will be weakened.
Hypotensive effect
Sinomenine has a clear acute hypotensive effect on anesthetized or non-anesthetized experimental animals (dogs, cats, rabbits and rats), which is rapid, significant and lasting, but it produces rapid tolerance after repeated administration. The hypotensive effect has nothing to do with M cholinergic nerve or acetylcholine, nor is it caused by histamine release, which may be related to its anti-adrenergic and neuroreflex effects. Due to the above antihypertensive characteristics, it has no obvious therapeutic effect on chronic experimental hypertension in dogs. In the acute test of rabbits, sinomenic acid extract did not affect blood pressure.
Effect on gastrointestinal activity
Dogs and monkeys often have mild gastrointestinal adverse reactions after taking sinomenine orally. It has inhibitory effect on isolated rabbit intestine and guinea pig intestine, and can resist the spasmolytic effects of pilocarpine, histamine, acetylcholine and barium chloride. However, intravenous sinomenine can cause temporary excitement of small intestine in dogs and rabbits, which can be completely blocked by diphenhydramine and hexa-hydrocarbon quaternary ammonium, completely or partially blocked by atropine, but not by transection of bilateral vagus nerves. Injection of sinomenine can increase gastric juice secretion and acidity, but pepsin activity has no obvious change. The excitatory effect on gastrointestinal tract is mainly related to the release of histamine. However, the administration of new antadine (antihistamine) failed to inhibit the secretion of gastric juice. Sinomenic acid extract can excite isolated rabbit intestine.
anti-inflammatory action
Sinomenine has obvious regression effect on formaldehyde arthritis and egg white arthritis in rats, but it has no effect after adrenalectomy or pituitary resection. In normal rats, it can reduce the content of vitamin C in adrenal gland, and pentobarbital (which can inhibit hypothalamus) will lose this effect after anesthesia, so the anti-inflammatory effect of sinomenine may be caused by the influence of hypothalamus on pituitary-adrenal system, but it has nothing to do with the release of histamine. It can prevent active anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs, but it is worse in dogs. Combined with antigen, it can inhibit the release of histamine from antigen. It can also inhibit trichomonas and plasmodium.
16, usage and dosage
Oral administration, decoction, 3 ~ 5 yuan; Soak in wine or boil cream. External use: decoct and wash.
17, annex
(1) Cure all kinds of wind: pick it from the green vine in February and March, no matter how much, put it in a pot, simmer it for seven days and nights, get a paste, and put it in a porcelain bottle. When using, prepare three or five combs to measure the actual situation of people. After taking a teaspoon of wine, pat the patient's palm, and then the whole body will itch, so it is urgent to comb. If you want to stop itching, drink cold water-it will relieve your pain. Take shelter from the wind for a few days. (Qingteng ointment is from the simplified prescription of Lakeside Collection)
② Treatment of joint pain: Radix Aristolochiae or stems and leaves are appropriate, and decoction is often used to relieve pain. (Guizhou folk medicine)
18, each discussion
(1) "Materia Medica": "Qingfengteng, a medicine for dispelling cold and dampness, can relax muscles and tendons, promote blood circulation, and strengthen bones and marrow, so wind disease is weak and its strength is wasted. Take it for a long time and make a big difference. " Fangshan must be used with Danggui Lycium barbarum. "
(2) Notes on Materia Medica: "Any vine can pass through the meridians and enter the collaterals. This thing is good for treating wind diseases, so it has cured all the paralysis, especially soaking in wine. " Wind permeates the liver, so it enters the liver. Wind overcomes dampness, and dampness also permeates the spleen. "
19, sexual taste
Bitter, flat.
(1) Notes on Materia Medica: "Bitter, flat."
② Records of medicinal plants in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province: "Bitter and bitter, cold."
20, functional indications
Dispelling wind and removing dampness, facilitating urination. Treat rheumatism, joint pain, knee wind, edema and beriberi.
1 herbal classic: "Governing the wind."
(2) "Outline": "Used as medicated wine to treat rheumatism, knee joint, paralysis, itching, injury, sores and swelling."
③ Records of medicinal plants in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province: "promoting diuresis, purging lower energizer, separating blood from damp heat. Treat wind edema, beriberi, rheumatic joint pain, mouth and eye deviation, carbuncle swelling and sores. "
④ Flora of Chinese Medicinal Plants: "Removing dampness, expelling wind, promoting qi circulation and benefiting water. Treating bladder edema, wind swelling and wet swelling of beriberi. "
⑤ List of medicinal resources in Wenling County: "Dispelling wind and dampness and dredging collaterals. Treat wind, cold and dampness, crane and knee wind, and swelling and pain in limbs. "
2 1, how to use it
Sinomenine can treat rheumatic joint pain: take three or two sinomenine roots and one or two tetrandrine roots and decoct them in wine; Caulis Sinomenii and Caulis Sargentodoxae are 15g respectively, boiled in water and swallowed with wine if necessary.
Sinomenine can also treat all wind pain: sinomenine began to be collected in February and March, decocted with appropriate amount of sinomenine in water for seven days and seven nights, and then put into porcelain bottles. Drink a spoonful when necessary and take it with wine. Sinomenine, Astragalus membranaceus, and black beans do have some relief effects on lumbago and sciatic nerve problems. But for the treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc, it can only be relieved, not treated.