original text

Chen Dai (1) said: "If you don't see the ministers, it's Xiao Ran; At first glance today, the big one is king and the small one is bully. And "Zhi" said:' Take ② without ruler', if it can be done, it is appropriate. "

Mencius said: "In the past, in the field of Qi Jinggong (③), dangerous people were invited to give a warning (④), and if they failed, they would be killed. People with lofty ideals do not forget the valley, and warriors do not forget the loss of Yuan (6). What did Confucius take? If you don't take it, you won't go. What if we don't wait? What's more, the husband is looking for a waste of feet to make a profit. If it's beneficial, it's useless to find a ruler. It's beneficial, or can it be? Zhao Jianzi (7) asked Wang Liang (8) and Pi Xi (9) to sit together, but he didn't get a bird. Yan Xi rebelled all his life (10) and said,' The work in the world is humble.' Or sue Wang Liang. Liang Dao: "Please reply." If you are strong, you can get ten birds at once. Mi Xi rebelled and said, "There is a good job in the world." Jianzi said,' I am in the palm of my hand with a woman.' Wang Liang said. Ok, say,' I'll drive for it (1 1), and I can't get one all day; If you encounter it (12), ten at once. As the cloud says, "Give up your vector if you don't lose it (13). "I failed (14), please resign. The ratio of defense and shame to shooter (15); Compared with wild animals, it is a hill and a blessing. If you follow the Tao in vain, why not? Besides, sons have gone too far: those who waste themselves cannot become upright people. "

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Chen Dai said, "It seems to be just a form not to meet the princes. Now, if you go to visit the princes, you can implement benevolent policies and make the world submit; Small can dominate the princes. Besides, the book Tongzhi says, "Bend one foot long and stretch eight feet long. "It seems that you can bend and stretch like this."

Mencius said: "Once upon a time, when hunting in Qi Jinggong, the national flag was used to summon the keeper of the hunting ground, but the keeper ignored him because he summoned him in the wrong way. Qi Jinggong tried to kill him, but he was not afraid at all. So it was praised by Confucius. Therefore, people with lofty ideals are not afraid to abandon their bodies, and brave people are not afraid to lose their heads. What does Confucius think of gamekeeper? It is with the spirit that he will not go because of improper summoning. If I don't wait for the call of the ministers to come to the door in person, what is it for? Moreover, the so-called one foot bending and eight feet stretching are all considered from the perspective of interests. If we consider the problem from the perspective of profit, it is beneficial to bend eight feet long and stretch one foot. Does it still work? Once upon a time, Zhao Jianzi ordered Xi, Wang Liang's favorite young minister, to drive to hunt, but he didn't catch a prey all day. After Naxi came back, he reported to Zhao Jianzi: "Wang Liang is really the worst driver in the world!" Someone told Wang Liang about it. Wang Liang said to Xi, "Please let me drive for you again." Xi reluctantly agreed. As a result, he killed ten prey in one morning. After Xi went back, he reported to Zhao Jianzi:' Wang Liang is really the best driver in the world!' Zhao Jianzi said, "I asked him to drive for you. When Zhao Jianzi asked Wang Liang for advice, Wang Liang refused. He said:' I drove for him according to the rules, and he couldn't catch a prey all day; I didn't drive him according to the rules, but he shot ten prey in one morning. The Book of Songs says: "If you drive according to the rules, you will hit the target as soon as you put the arrow." I'm not used to driving for a villain like him. Please let me resign. Drivers are still ashamed to cooperate with poor shooters, even if cooperation can make a prey mountain. If I twist my body and follow those princes now, what is it for? In addition, your point of view is wrong: it is impossible to make others stand upright by twisting themselves. "

Next article (concubine and woman's way and man's way)

summer

The way of concubines, the way of women, the way of men.

original text

Jingchun said, "Aren't Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi loyal men? Anger and vassal fear, peaceful and the world destroyed (1) "

Mencius said, "A gentleman is a gentleman. Haven't you learned manners? The crown of the husband is also the life of the father (5); When the woman got married, she was sent to the door by her mother, and was warned:' When you go to your daughter's house, you must be respectful and restrained, without violating your master's intention!' He who takes obedience as the right path is also a concubine. Live in the world, stand in the right position in the world and be the best in the world (6); Success, with the people; Go your own way when you are frustrated. Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent. This is called a gentleman. "

reading comprehension

Jing Chun thinks that Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi can influence governors and provoke wars between countries. "When a warlord is angry, he fears it, and the world dies." He is a great man.

Mencius believed that Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yizhi climbed up by shaking their lips and obeying the wishes of the governors, and there was no principle of benevolence, righteousness and morality. So they are just villains and women who follow the principle of "entrusting women". How can they be called courageous men?

Mencius' statement is implicit and humorous, only by saying "courtesy" to explain the mother's instructions when a woman gets married, thus drawing the conclusion that "those who take obedience as the right path are also concubines". What deserves our attention here is that the ancients thought that a wife's way was like a minister's way. Of course, I should obey you, but the principle of obedience is justice. If you are unfair, I will protest. The same is true of a wife to her husband. Of course, a wife should obey her husband, but if he has, he should be advised to correct it. In short, it should be "harmony but difference". Only eunuchs, little wives, little maids, don't ask right and wrong, blindly obey the principle. Actually, there is no principle.

It can be seen that "the way of concubines" can not be generally understood as the way of women, but actually the way of little wives.

Mencius' satire was profound and sharp, and he hated Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi.

Regrettably, although Mencius hated this "obedience is the right way", such "concubines" have emerged continuously for more than two thousand years. Today, monogamy has been protected by law, "concubine" is hard to exist, but the theory of "concubine" may not exist, or even be popular.

What should we do?

Mencius' method is to put forward the real way of being a man in a tit-for-tat manner. This is his famous saying, which has been passed down through the ages: "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent." How? Then you have to "live in the world, stand in the right position in the world and be the best in the world." Or go back to the benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom that Confucianism has always advocated. After doing this, we will adopt the attitude of "conforming to the people's will, not using it for me", which is what Confucius said, "doing what is used, hiding what is abandoned" (The Analects of Confucius? "Shu Er") or Mencius said in another place, "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world." ("wholeheartedly" then you can become a real gentleman.

Every sentence of Mencius' famous saying about "gentleman" shines with the power of thought and personality, which inspires many people with lofty ideals in history and becomes their motto of upholding justice without fear of violence.

Until today, when we read this book, it seems that we can still hear his golden voice.

Next article (not let nature take its course, but the person who drills the hole)

summer

Not by its way, the man who drilled the hole.

original text

①: "The husband was born with a house for him, and the woman was born with a home for him; Everyone has the heart of parents. If you fall in love at first sight without waiting for your parents' orders and the words of the matchmaker, then your parents and people will be cheap. In ancient times, people didn't want to be officials, but they were evil. Walking without following its path is like drilling a hole. "

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Mencius said, "When a boy is born, parents want to find a good wife for him and a girl, and parents want to find a good husband's family. Everyone as a parent has such a mood. However, if we don't wait for the arrangement of our parents and the introduction of the matchmaker, we will take advantage of the loopholes to peek at each other and even climb over the wall to have a private meeting, which will be despised by our parents and others in society. In the same way. It's not that ancient people didn't want to be an official, they just hated being an official without proper channels. There is no proper channel for being an official, just like the behavior of drilling holes and scraping seams between men and women. "

Next article (the question of motivation and effect)

summer

The question of motivation and effect.

original text

Peng Geng asked: "There are dozens of cars behind, with hundreds of people, to distribute food for the princes, not Tai?"

Mencius said: "If it were not for Tao, a chapter of food could not be accepted by others;" If it is Tao, then Shun is ruled by Yao, not Tai-does Zi think Tai? "

Said: "No, the scholar has nothing to eat and can't eat."

There is a saying: "it is easy for children to fail their homework." If envy is used to make up for the deficiency, farmers will have more millet and women will have more cloth. If children are connected, the Zijiang wheel (6) will be eaten by children. In this way, people are filial, and they are also filial when they leave. They should stay in Wang Zhidao for (7) before entering Jinshi, and should not be eaten by children. How can you turn around and despise righteousness? " Yue: "The catalpa craftsman turned his back to seek food." : a gentleman is the Tao, and his ambition will also seek food? "

Yue: "What is Zi's ambition? It is active for children, and they can eat and eat. And the child insists on eating? Is it delicious? "

Yue: "Food ambition."

Yue: "Someone is here, destroying tiles and painting (8), aiming at eating. What about eating?"

Say "no"

Yue: "However, the child is not interested in eating, and he still wants to eat."

translate

Peng Geng asked, "Is it too much to eat from one vassal state to another?"

Mencius said: "if it is unfair, even a basket of rice can't be accepted;" If justified, it is not too much to accept Yao's world like Shun. -Do you talk too much? "

Peng Geng said, "No, that's not what I meant. I think it is wrong for a scholar to eat for nothing without working. "

Mencius said: "If we don't exchange needed commodities, we will exchange products from all walks of life, and make up for the shortage with surplus grain, farmers will have surplus grain to eat, and women will have more cloth to wear.". Carpenters and turners can get food from you if you exchange the goods you need. For example, there is a person here who is filial to his parents at home, goes out to respect his elders, and pursues the sage theory of the former king to train future generations of scholars, but he can't get food from you. How can you respect carpenters and turners, but despise those who practice benevolence and morality? "

Peng Geng said: "Carpenters and turners, their motivation is begging for food. Is the motivation of scholars to study knowledge also to beg for food? "

Mencius said, "Why look at the problem with their motives?" As long as they are related to you, they should be given food, so give them food. Besides, did you feed them according to the motive? Or do you give them food on your own? "

Peng Geng said: "On motivation."

Mencius said: "For example, there is a man who broke the tiles on the roof and scribbled on the newly painted wall, but his motivation is to get food." Did you give him food? "

Peng Geng said: "No."

Mencius said, "So, what you said is not motivation, but merit."

The next article (near the ink is black, near the ink is black)

summer

Near Zhu Zhechi, near the ink is black ―― a person brings the color of his companion; People who keep company with wolves will learn to howl; He who sleeps with dogs will get up and flee; People who live with the lame learn to limp.

original text

Mencius called Dai invincible, saying, "If you want a son, what good is it?" ? I told you. With Dr. Chu here, if you want your son to speak the same language, will it make Qi people in Zhu Fu? Zhu Fu the Truman? "

He said, "Let Qi people pay for it."

He said: "All Chu people have paid attention to it, and all Chu people have honed it. Although they yearn for it every day, they can't get it; The years from the introduction to the resettlement of Zhuang Yue (1), although it was a day of tarting and seeking Chu, could not be obtained. The son's name is Xue Juzhou, and he is a good scholar. Let him live in the palace. Who lies in the king's position, all ages respect Xue Juzhou, and who is wrong in the king's position? Where the king is, no one, old or young, is Xue Juzhou. Who is good to the king? A Xue Juzhou, as unique as Song Wang? "

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Mencius said to Dai Wuda, "Do you want the king to be kind? I see. Let me tell you something. For example, there was a doctor in Chu who wanted his son to learn to speak Qi dialect. Is it better to find someone from Qi to teach him? Or find someone who has left Chu to teach him? " Dai Wubu said, "Please teach him well."

Mencius said: "If a person from Qi comes to teach him, but there are many people from Chu around him to interfere with him, even if you whip him every day, it is impossible for him to speak Qi." On the other hand, if you take him to Qi State and live in a market in Qi State, such as a place called Zhuangyue, and live there for several years, it is impossible for you to whip him every day and tell him to speak Chu dialect. You said Xue Juzhou was a good man and asked him to live in the palace. If all the people in the palace are good people like Xue Juzhou, regardless of age and position, who will do bad things with the king? On the contrary, if the people in the palace are not good people like Xue Juzhou, who will the king do good with regardless of age and status? What can a single Xue Juzhou do to the King of Song? "

reading comprehension

Mencius' original intention was to explain the importance of the influence of the surrounding environment on people with the truth of "being close to Zhu Zhechi, being close to Mexico is black", thus indicating that the monarch in power should pay attention to the investigation and selection of his cronies. Because, if the monarch is surrounded by good people, then the monarch will do good things with everyone. On the contrary, if the monarch is surrounded by bad people, it is difficult for him to be a good person. The truth here is not profound, but it is actually a "big gift"? Ceng Zi Yan Zhi said, "In the middle of the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, you don't help yourself to stand straight;" White sand is in the mud, as black as it is. Isn't the so-called "Meng Mu chose its neighbors in the past" and "Meng Mu moved three times" just to find a better surrounding environment for children's education and growth? Mencius was influenced by this aspect since he was a child, and he had personal experience for a long time, so he made it very reasonable and vivid with examples.

We are not only interested in his political intentions, but also interested in the examples he gave. This is actually a question of learning a foreign language. I thought learning a foreign language was fashionable in the era of "going abroad", but I didn't expect Mencius to discuss it more than two thousand years ago. Moreover, no matter whether Mencius' example is true or hypothetical, it is certain that there is a phenomenon in life, that is, dignitaries let their children learn "foreign languages." Of course, we know that the so-called "foreign country" refers to the conceptual Chinese dialect at that time. )

What we are studying and affirming here is the language environment problem he emphasized. As Mencius said in this chapter, the language environment is very important. Anyone who has had experience in learning a foreign language knows this very well. Mencius' analysis is concrete and vivid. Reading is very intimate. We really should include this statement in the introductory textbook for learning foreign languages.

Next article (Laughter on the shoulder, illness in summer)

summer

Laughter on the shoulder, illness in summer.

original text

Sun said, "What's the use of not seeing the guest?"

Mencius said, "The ancients were not ministers. Duan Ganmu (1) climbed over the wall to open (2), but it was not inside (3), which was all very good; Damn it, you can see that. Yang Huo wanted to see Confucius, but he was rude. The doctor gave the scholar, but the scholar refused to accept his family and went to worship his door. Yang Huo had a bird's eye view of Confucius' death and steamed dolphins for Confucius. Confucius watched him die, too. Bye. When it happened, Yang Huo came first, so why not go and see it? Zeng Zi said,' Laugh at my shoulder and stuff my summer (6)' Lutz (7): "If you don't talk about it in the same way, you can't know what it is. From the perspective of it, the cultivation of a gentleman can be seen. "

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Sun Wang asked, "What's the reason for not taking the initiative to meet the princes?"

Mencius said, "People in ancient times are not vassals, so they don't visit. Duan Gan's mother jumped over the wall to avoid it, and Liu Liu refused to meet Lumugong behind closed doors. These things have gone too far. You should go and see it when necessary. Once upon a time, Yang Huo wanted Confucius to visit him, but he hated being told that he was impolite. If the doctor gives the scholar a reward, and the scholar doesn't accept it in person at home, he has to go to the doctor's house to thank humbly. So Yang Huo gave Confucius a steamed suckling pig while he was away. Confucius also found that when Yang goods were not at home, he went to thank humbly. At that time, if Yang Huo sincerely went to see Confucius first, wouldn't Confucius visit him? Ceng Zi said, "Shrugging your shoulders and smiling is worse than working in a vegetable field in a hot summer day!" ! Lutz said:' I can't understand such a person. He obviously doesn't want to talk to that person, but he wants to talk reluctantly and looks ashamed. From this we can know how a gentleman cultivates himself. "

Thanks to a generation. "

Next article (stealing chicken logic)

summer

The logic of stealing chickens and stealing dogs

original text

Dai Yingzhi (1) said, "What's the first thing? Impose the Guancheng tax, but I can't do it now. Please handle it lightly until next year, and then it's over? "

Mencius said: "Today, some people are busy with their neighbors' chickens, or tell them that this is a gentleman's way!" Say,' Please throw it away. The moon will be busy with a chicken next year, and then it will be gone. -If you knew it was unfair, you would be too quick. Why wait until next year? "

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Dai Yingzhi said: "The tax rate is one to one. This year, we will not rule out tax exemption for checkpoints and markets. Please let's reduce it first and wait until next year to fully implement it. How about it? "

Mencius said, "Now there is a man who steals a chicken from his neighbor's house every day. Someone warned him:' this is not a decent act!' "He said,' Let me cut a little first, steal one every month, and then wash my hands of it completely next year.' -If you know this behavior is immoral, you should stop it as soon as possible. Why wait until next year? "

!

Next article (Honesty and Sour Rot)

summer

Integrity and acid corrosion

original text

Puffed up, he said, "Isn't Chen Zhongzi honest? Living in the mausoleum, I haven't eaten, heard or seen anything for three days. There are plums on the well, and more than half of them eat dry food (4). They crawl and swallow food three times, and then they can hear and see. "

Mencius said, "As a man of Qi, I must regard Zhongzi as a great evil." . Although, can neutron evil be cheap? If you fill in the Chinese character operation, you are a worm, and then you can do it. Husband, earthworm, eat loam above and drink yellow soup below. What is neutron's room and Boyi's building? What is the structure of (7)? Millet eaten, trees planted by Boyi and? Suppress trees that also steal roads? Unknown. "

He said, "What's the harm? He knits many times, and his wife knits (8) times, which is easy. "

He said, "Zhong Zi is a nobleman of Qi, and his brother wears it to cover it. Take my brother's wealth as ill-gotten wealth and don't eat it. Take my brother's house as ill-gotten house and don't live there. Leave my brother behind my mother and live in the mausoleum. When he returns to China another day, someone will give birth to a goose for his brother, and he will be embarrassed (10):' What should I do if I use tenderness (1 1)?' One day, its mother will kill the goose and eat it. His brother came from the outside and said,' It's light meat! Come out (12). Do not eat with your mother, eat with your wife; Live in a brother's room, live in a brother's room, and live in a mausoleum. Is it enough to fill in the category? If the neutron is unique, then the earthworm will exercise it. "

translate

Puffed up, he said, "Isn't Chen Zhongzi a truly honest man? Living in this place, I haven't eaten for three days, my ears are deaf and my eyes are blind. There was a plum in the well, and the beetle larvae ate more than half of it. He climbed over, took it and swallowed it three times. His ears recovered his hearing and his eyes recovered his sight. "

Mencius said, "Among the Qi people, I will regard Zhongzi as a thumb. However, can he be called incorruptible? To preach the integrity of neutrons, we can only do it after turning people into earthworms. Earthworms eat dry soil on the ground and drink underground spring water. But the house where Nakako lives was built by an honest man like Boyi? Or was it built like those robbers who stole feet? Is the food he eats planted by an honest man like Boyi? Or was it planted by robbers like stealing roads? I don't know this yet. "

Puffed up and said, "what does it matter? He weaves his own straw sandals, and his wife practices hemp and changes other daily necessities. "

Mencius said, "Zhongzi is the imperial clan of the State of Qi, and his brother Chen Dai is earning tens of thousands of stones." But he thought his brother's salary was ill-gotten gains and didn't eat it. He thought his brother's house was ill-gotten gains and didn't live there. He avoided his brother, left his mother and lived in Ling's place. One day, when he came home, he happened to see someone give his brother a goose. He frowned and said,' You want this, huh, huh? A few days later, his mother killed the goose for him to eat, and his brother just came back from outside. When he saw it, he said, "You are eating the meat of that what's it called!" " He hurriedly ran out of the door and vomited with a' wow'. Mom doesn't eat vegetables, but eats his wife's; My brother doesn't live at home, but he lives in Ling. Can this be regarded as preaching his integrity? Do what he has done, only after turning people into earthworms can he do it. ”"