Robber logic is a logic that cannot be justified, so it breaks the rules of the game. Their most common way of thinking is vividly called "Texas sharpshooter".
Texas sharpshooter: There is a sharpshooter in Texas, who hits every shot. Because he shot first and then drew a bull's-eye around the bullet hole. It is a metaphor for those who jump to the conclusion of death first and then go back to find evidence.
There are five common robber logics in life. Let's show you its underlying logic and analyze it together.
They all have one thing in common-first determine the conclusion, and then look back for evidence.
The general argumentation process is to draw conclusions from preconditions. The characteristics of circular argument are: premise is conclusion, and conclusion is premise. For example, the famous "Honesty is Spirit" theory.
"Master, why didn't my wish come true?"
"Sincerity is the spirit."
"How do I know I mean it?"
"If your wish comes true, you can prove your sincerity."
You see, this sentence is equivalent to saying, "Only sincerity that has been proved to be effective will be effective." -this is the circular argument.
After listening to my explanation, you must think this logic is funny-but if I say, "If you work hard enough, you can succeed", how can you believe it?
There are two forms of resorting to ignorance:
There are many examples in reality, such as the following two-
"The solar system must have been formed less than/kloc-0.0 million years ago, because even if the sun is only composed of coal and oxygen, according to the speed at which the sun releases energy, the fuel will be exhausted during this time." (This is the fallacy of the encyclopedia of19th century, based on the fact that there was no more efficient fuel than coal at that time. When radiation and nuclear fusion were discovered in the 20th century, the age of the sun was considered to be several billion years. )
Hugh Flohr, Bishop of Birmingham, refuted the theory of evolution in his book Probability of God: "If polar bears have no natural enemies in the Arctic, then they don't need white hair as a protective color." Richard Dawkins, a zoologist, refuted this assertion in his book The Blind Clockmaker. Dawkins pointed out that when polar bears hunt, protective colors help hide their whereabouts from their prey.
This kind of logical error should be seen more often in our lives.
A common prejudice is "map cannon". The map gun was originally a particularly powerful large-scale killing weapon in tower defense game, and later it was extended to "regional attackers, or denying the behavior of a group with the behavior of a few people".
For example, "Northeasters are all triads; Cantonese people eat everything; Shanxi people are jealous; Henan people are always hacked ... ".
Another phenomenon is that "success brought by multiple factors" is simplified to "as long as ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Most successful research and quite a few business books use this method-boil down what needs many factors to one point.
Why does this thinking appear?
In psychology, this kind of thinking is called "prejudice effect", which is also called "halo effect". It is a factor that affects interpersonal perception and refers to the subjective impression formed in interpersonal perception.
It's like a blind man touching an elephant. When he touches a point, he thinks everyone is like this.
"Everyone ..." is also a common logical fallacy-"Because everyone ... is right".
For example, "It's okay for so many people to smoke, so smoke." "The book that everyone is reading must be useful to me."
"Scientists Grow the Sun" mentioned an interesting point in his article "Why I have never read Zhihu's answer". He thinks that Zhihu's answers are based on praise, but in a professional field, only a few people know the truth, so the answer with high praise can easily become the value judgment of a group of people, and this answer is probably not a factual judgment, which can easily lead to the fallacy of conformity.
Because we have been spoon-fed for many years, our brains are keen on authority, so it is easy to be countered by others. Many tricks are successful precisely because we have chosen the road of "appealing to authority".
The most common problem of appealing to authority is to default the authority in one field to the authority in another field. For example, in American history, military generals have been elected presidents many times, such as Washington and Eisenhower. Sometimes they are good presidents, sometimes they are not, but their military experience may not be transferred to the national leadership.
This problem is more prominent in the field of sports and entertainment. Sports stars may be suitable to speak for a kind of sports equipment, but they are obviously not experts in perfume or razor products. In fact, they may never even use the product, but only care about the endorsement fee.
In daily life, we should be alert to these five "robber logics" and keep a clear head in order to make a correct decision.