This paper deals with some aspects of Confucius' view of "gentlemen and villains", Confucius' educational and political thoughts, and Confucius' words and deeds in other aspects. Original 15 1 ask Chen (1) Confucius.
Confucius said to him, "You can only taste and smell the story of cowpea.": Things in the army are not learned. " Go tomorrow.
Note (1) Chen: When fighting the "array" and the army, the position of Bulie. ②wadou:wadou, pronounced Z 。
Cowpea is an ancient vessel for holding food and used as a sacrificial vessel. Wei Linggong asked Confucius about the method of army formation.
Confucius replied: "I have heard of sacrificial ceremonies; I have never learned to fight with soldiers. " The next day, Confucius left Weiguo.
Commenting on Wei Linggong's military question to Confucius, Confucius was not interested. Generally speaking, Confucius opposed the use of war to solve disputes between countries, but there were exceptions on specific issues.
Confucius advocated governing the country with courtesy and comity as the country, so he answered Wei Linggong with the above passage and left the country the next day. The original 15.2 was short of food in Chen, and his entourage was sick, so he could not prosper.
Luz Kan (1) said, "Is the gentleman poor?" Confucius said, "Gentlemen are poor (2), while villains are poor and extravagant." Attention (1) Yi: Yin Yi n, anger, resentment.
(2) Consolidate poverty: stick to poverty and ensure peace. Confucius and his party ran out of food in the state of Chen, and everyone who followed them was hungry and sick.
Lutz came to see Confucius unhappily and said, "Is there a time when a gentleman is too poor to do anything?" Confucius said, "Although a gentleman is poor, he still exists." The villain can do anything when he is poor. "Comment on this chapter, and then several chapters about the difference between a gentleman and a villain in some aspects.
Here, Confucius said that in the face of poverty, there is a clear difference between a gentleman and a villain. The original 15.3 Confucius said: "Here! Do women give people who know more to learn? " Right: "Of course, right or wrong?" "No," he said.
Give it consistency. Confucius said, "Here! Do you think I have learned more before I remember them one by one? " Zi Gong replied, "Yes, isn't it?" Confucius said, "No. ..
I use a basic thing to finish them. "Comments here, Confucius talked about" consistency ",which is the root of his profound knowledge.
So, what does this one mean? It is not mentioned in the article. We believe that "consistency" means thinking seriously on the basis of learning, so as to realize the inner things.
Confucius told Zigong and other students here to combine study and thinking, study hard and understand deeply. Original 15.4 Confucius said: "By! Those who know virtue are fresh. "
Confucius said, "Yes! Too few people know morality. " The original 15.5 Confucius said: "Is it also suitable for those who govern by doing nothing (1)?" Husband (2) What is it? Gong Ji is in the south. "
Note (1) Governing by doing nothing: The king of a country can govern by doing nothing. (2) Husband: pronoun, he.
Confucius said, "Those who govern the world by doing nothing are only smooth."? What did he do? Just sitting solemnly on the throne of the court. " Comment on "governing by doing nothing" is the general plan of governing the country advocated by Taoism, which accords with the consistency of Taoist thought.
Here, Confucius also appreciated the rule by doing nothing, and took Shun as an example to illustrate. This shows that Confucianism, which advocates positive progress, is very nostalgic for the rule of the three generations of law and etiquette, but it does not necessarily require the rulers to govern by doing nothing in the real life at that time. In Confucius' concept, it is not inaction, but courtesy.
Original 15.6 Zhang Ziwen Bank (1). Confucius said, "Loyalty and respect are acceptable, although it is a barbarian country."
If you don't mean it, don't be respectful. Although in state (3), is it true? See its reference object (4) in front, see it leaning on the balance (5) of the field, and then do it. "Zhang Zi Shen Zhu 6.
Note (1) line: meaning of access. (2) Man Zhen: The ancients demoted ethnic minorities, in the south, and the sound was in the north.
(3) In the state: five neighbors, including five neighbors. Five political parties are countries, with 2,500.
State means near. (4) Reference: column, appearance.
(5) Balance: the crossbar in front of the shaft. (6) gentry: nobles gird their waists.
Zhang asked everywhere how to make himself feasible. Confucius said, "You must keep your word and respect your deeds, even in a wild place.
Is it feasible to talk disloyalty and behave disrespectfully, even in your own country? Standing, I seem to see the words loyalty and reverence appear in front of me, and riding in the car, I seem to see these words engraved on the crossbar in front of the shaft, so that I can use them everywhere. "Zhang Zi wrote these words on his belt.
Original 15.7 Confucius said, "It's Shiyu (1)! State-owned roads, such as arrows; The country has no way, such as an arrow. Gentleman is discipline! If the country has a way, it will be an official; If the country has no way, it can be rolled up and pregnant. "
Shi Yu: What's your name, Dr. Guo Wei? , the word ziyu, he recommended Ji many times. (2) Arrow: Arrow, arrow, described as straight.
(3) Volume: same as "volume". Confucius said, "Shi Yu is really straight! There is a state-owned road, and its words and deeds are as straight as arrows; The country has no way, and its words and deeds are as straight as arrows.
Chi is really a gentleman! If the country has a way, it will come out to be an official. The country has no choice but to keep its own ideas in mind. Judging from the content described in the article, Shi Yu's and Apollo's comments are different.
Shi Yu is equally straightforward when the country has a way or no way, while Apollo only comes out as an official when the country has a way. So Confucius said that Shi Yu was "straight" and Apollo was "a gentleman".
The original 15.8 Confucius said: "If you can talk without talking to people, you will lose people; Don't speak in words, it slipped out. He who knows neither loses nor loses himself.
2.30 ancient prose There are many questions about ancient prose here.
Classical Chinese is fine. 1. Read the following classical Chinese and complete 1-5 questions.
Zheng, a native of Puyang, recognized that his left thumb had a red rash, swollen and millet. If you doubt it, people will laugh and think it is not enough.
Three days later, it's like money. Trouble is very nourishing, and it can be seen and laughed as before.
On the third day, my thumb was sore, my fingers near my thumb were sore, and my body and heart were sick. I dare not see a doctor, and the doctor did. I was shocked and said, "Although the disease is in my fingers, it is actually a disease. If I don't treat it quickly, it will hurt my health.
However, at the beginning, it can be good all day; Three days, and ten days to recover; Today's illness and success cannot be cured in March. Healing all day long, Aike is also; The more you heal, the more the medicine can heal; As for what has been completed, it will even extend to the liver diaphragm, or it will be one arm long.
Unless there is a royal family inside, its potential will not stop; It is not easy to treat this disease unless there is a cure. "Jun from his words, daily decoction, and fu (5) with good medicine, fruit to February and then, after March.
The rest of the reason is thinking: things in the world often happen in the slightest place, and eventually they are all disasters; At first, people thought it was incurable, but in the end, it was impossible. When it is easy, cherish the power of a day and ignore it; And its achievements, accumulated for many years, exhausted, and only grams, so many people refer to it.
(Fang Xiaoru's "Knowing") Note ① Grip: Four inches is a grip. ② L-: spine.
(3) ch？ U): recover from illness. ④ Hepatic diaphragm: refers to human internal organs.
⑤ Fu: Tu. 1. The two wrong interpretations of the words added in the following sentences are: (a) Seek medical treatment for fear (planning) B. Even spread to the liver diaphragm (spreading) C. Disease is not easy to deal with (change) D. Worrying for years can only be overcome (eliminated) 2. The two words added in the following sentences have the same meaning () Ninety years old. Although disease refers to the fact that although a person has hundreds of hands, the first hand has hundreds of fingers. D. He has been recovering all day, and Ai Kezhi is also a soldier of Sanjin, brave and underestimating his enemy. 3. The word "know" is added to the following sentence, which shows that he is wrong () A. He is worried and shows people (referring to "thumb disease") B. Another reason is thinking.
(1) You doubt it, show it to people, and people laugh, thinking that it is not enough. (2) At first, I thought it was not enough, but finally I thought it was impossible.
5. What is the opinion of this article about Jun Zheng's treatment of thumb disease? Please give a simple answer in your own words. Second, Andy's neighbor, a dead sheep, leads his political party; I also let Andy's vertical (vertical: boy servant) go after it.
Andy said, "Hey! A sheep is dead, why chase the crowd? " The neighbor said, "There are many different roads." Instead, he asked, "Did you get the sheep?" Yue: "I'm dead."
Yue: "Wu Hu?" He said: "There are differences in the Tao, and I don't know what it is, so the opposite is true." ("Liezi? 6. Explain the word "zhi" added below.
(1) Andy's neighbor died: (2) Andy's vertical pursuit: 7. Fill in the omitted components. On the contrary, () asked, "Did you get the sheep?" () said, "I'm dead."
8. Translation. The road is different, I don't know, so I object.
9. What does this article tell us? Three, abuse the staff to fill a few Qi Xuanwang to make people blow, there will be 300 people. Nan Guo invited him to play the piano. He was very happy to hear that hundreds of people supported him in the Zhou Dynasty.
Xuan Wang died, Wang Hao heard, and Chu Shi escaped. 10. what kind of person is Chu Shi in the south? Why does he want to "please blow for the king"? A: 1 1. Chu Shi in the south can't play pole, but he has played for Qi Xuanwang for many years. Why is this happening? A: 12. King Qi Min likes to play the flute one after another. Why did Chu Shi in the south escape? A: 13. What do you think Chu Shi will do after he escapes? A: Fourth, read the following passage in classical Chinese and answer the following questions.
(1) Law of Lu State: Lu people are the concubines of princes, and those who can redeem them take money from the government. Zigong (2) redeemed the Lu people from the princes and made them gold.
Confucius said, "Give it away! The behavior of saints can change customs, but teaching can be applied to people, not just to meet their own needs. Nowadays, there are fewer rich people and more poor people in Lu, so it's no harm to take their money. If you don't take their money, you won't redeem others. "
(2)(4) People who save drowning are worshipped by cows. Confucius said that there will be more people who save drowning in Lu. (Selected from Feng Menglong's "Think Tank") [Note] 1 House: refers to the national treasury.
② Zi Gong: Confucius' student. 3 gift: the name of Zigong.
4 Luz: Confucius' student. 14. What did Zi Gong do? What is Confucius' attitude towards his own practice? What is the reason for Confucius' attitude? Please answer in your own words.
Answer: 15. There are no punctuation marks in the second paragraph of the article. Please mark the position where punctuation is needed with a | line. Confucius worship is the savior, and he likes to say that there will be more saviors in Lu.
Read the following article and answer the questions. Guan Zhong and Peng Ji (1) cut the solitary bamboo from Huan Gong (2) and confused them when spring came and winter came.
Guan Zhong said, "You can use the wisdom of an old horse." Is to let the old horse go and get the way.
There is no water in the mountains. My friend said, "Ants live in the sun in the mountains in winter and in the shade in the mountains in summer. One inch of ant soil, there is water. " Dig it out and there will be water.
It is not difficult to learn from the old horse ants with Guan Zhong's sage wisdom until you don't know it. Is it too much for people nowadays to learn the wisdom of saints with the heart of fools? Note: ① Guan Zhong and Peng Ji were ministers who assisted Qi Huangong in the Spring and Autumn Period. ② Solitary bamboo: a small country in Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Not difficult: I don't care, I'm not ashamed. 16. Is the word "nai" in "Nai Duizhi" the same as the word "nai" in the following sentence? () A. I didn't know there were Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties.
B. kill the minister, Song Mo can defend and attack. C. the founder is childe fu su.
D Julian Waghann established Central Plains Day in the north, and this family sacrifice has never been forgotten. 17. One of the translation mistakes of the following sentences is () A. The wisdom of the old horse is there.
The wisdom of an old horse can be used. B. Ants live in the sunshine of the mountain in winter and in the shade of the mountain in summer.
Ants live in Shanbei in winter and Shannan in summer. C. one inch of ant soil, there is water.
The ant soil is as high as an inch, and there is water below. D. with Guan zhong's wisdom, it is not difficult to learn from old horses and ants.
With the wisdom of Guan Zhong and Peng Ji, when they know nothing, they will not be ashamed of being old.
3. Translation of Classical Chinese (one in 30 yuan) 1. Wear a hat:
original text
If there is a Beijing official serving outside, go to another teacher. The teacher said, "It is not easy for foreign officials to act, so you should be careful." The man said, "If someone has a hundred tall hats, he will give one to everyone so as not to be uncomfortable." The teacher was angry and said, "We are straight with people, why not!" " The man said, "How many people don't like wearing tall hats like my teacher?" On the first day, the teacher said, "You can't say you didn't see it." When he came out, the speaker said, "I have a hundred hats, but now I have 99."
translate
A man who was a court official in Beijing was sent to other places to be an official. When he left, he went to say goodbye to his teacher. The teacher said, "It is not easy to be an official in other places, so be careful." The man said, "I have prepared a hundred tall hats, and I will distribute them to everyone." It should not lead to differences and contradictions. " The teacher said angrily, "we people should treat others with honest behavior." Why wear a tall hat? " The man said, "How many upright people in the world like you don't like wearing high hats?" The teacher was very comfortable and nodded and said, "You are not completely ignorant." The man said goodbye and said to others, "My hundred tall hats are now only ninety-nine."
This story shows that the authorities are fascinated. Later, it was a metaphor for saying compliments to people.
2. The key is still there:
Once upon a time, a fool went to Beijing to choose, and his wallet was stolen by a thief.
The man said, "A thief who steals my bag will eventually lose my things."
Or why?
Answer: "The key is still on my belt. What will he drive? "
Once upon a time, a stupid man went to Beijing to elect an official, and his wallet was stolen. He said, "Although the thief stole my purse, he will never get what is in my purse." Someone asked him why, and he replied, "The key to my purse is still tied on my belt. What can a thief use to open it? "
mourn (for/over the dead)
original text
Always self-sufficient and good at traveling. One day, the water was so fierce that five or six people left Hunan by boat. Zhongji, if the ship is broken, it will do. One is to do your best and not be different. His companion said, "You are the best swimmer. What are you going to do now? " Yue: "I have 1000 yuan, which is heavy. Let's talk about it later. " He said, "Why not go there?" No, shake its head. It is beneficial for the time being. The man who saved himself stood on the shore and shouted, "You are so stupid and secretive, you are dead. How can you afford it? " Shook his head again. Drowned. I mourn it. And if so, do you have to drown the big goods to protect yourself? So I wrote "mourning".
translate
Yongzhou people are good at swimming. One day, the river suddenly rose, and five or six people crossed the Xiangjiang River by boat. When crossing the river, the boat broke down and everyone swam. One of them tried to swim, but he still couldn't swim far. His companion said, "You are the best swimmer. Why are you behind now? " He said, "I have a thousand pence wrapped around my waist, which is very heavy, so I am behind." The companion said, "Why not throw it away?" He didn't answer and shook his head. After a while, he was more tired. All the people who swam across the river stood on the shore, shouting, "You are so stupid and blind that you are drowning. What do you need money for? " He shook his head again. So he drowned. I feel very sad about this. If so, wouldn't Italy drown a big man? So I wrote "mourning".
Cut the pole to the city
& lt； Cut the pole into the city >; Original text-
Lu has a long pole to enter the city gate. At first, he took it vertically, but he couldn't get in, and he couldn't get in horizontally. It was nothing. Russia has an old father; "I am not a saint, but I have seen many things. Why don't you use a saw to go in? " Then cut it off.
& lt； Cut the pole into the city >; Translation-
There was a man in the state of Lu who walked into the city gate with a long pole. At first he stood up and held it, but he couldn't get into the gate. He came and hugged, but he couldn't get into the gate. I really can't think of a way. After a while, an old man came and said, "I am not a saint, but I have seen many things." Why not use a saw to cut off the long pole and enter the city gate? " So the Lu people cut off the long pole according to the old man's method.
Alas, all the translations are finished ~ I'm exhausted ~ ~ I hope it will help you!