Shandong University, Shandong Normal University, Qingdao University, Dalian University of Technology, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian University, Liaoning Normal University, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University, etc.

Pedagogy is a national first-class discipline and an independent discipline. Pedagogy is a social science that studies human educational phenomena, solves educational problems and reveals general educational laws. Education is a social phenomenon widely existing in human life, and pedagogy is an activity to cultivate social people purposefully. It reveals the general law of education through the study of various educational phenomena and problems. The main disciplines of pedagogy are pedagogy and psychology.

The naturalistic educational thought puts forward some basic ideas of modern education, which promotes the scientification of educational theory and practice and highlights the value of children in educational life. Its shortcoming is that it regards abstract human nature as children's natural nature, ignoring the important value of social and cultural factors in children's development and the great role of education in social development, which has a strong idealistic color.

Social foundation:

Education is a social phenomenon widely existing in human life and a purposeful activity to cultivate social people. In order to carry out educational activities effectively, we must study it and make it a specific research object of pedagogy after long-term accumulation. In particular, the development of modern society and modern educational practice puts forward newer and higher requirements for pedagogy research.

There are many educational problems that people study deeply, such as the essence of education, the relationship between education and society and people, the purpose, content, mode, method, form and their relationship of education implementation, the educational process, the educational subject, the educational system and management, and various educational theories and practices that embody China's characteristics. Pedagogy reveals the general law of education through the study of various educational phenomena and problems.