The evolution of human civilization and culture is the land to sow wisdom, the river to nurture wisdom, the cornerstone to build wisdom and the source to create wisdom.
Section 1 Biological Inheritance and Biological Evolution
Without biological inheritance, there would be no biological evolution, and there would be no inheritance and evolution of human wisdom.
Directed evolution of DNA is a kind of "hypermutation" effect on the environment, which produces a large number of models to try to complete wedge cooperation with foreign viruses. These processes only occur in the "information layer" and never reach the "manufacturing layer" of antibodies.
I. Basic concepts
Molecular biology: it is a science that studies the structure and function of biomolecules at the molecular level to clarify the nature of life phenomena.
Molecule: refers to the unit of matter, the smallest particle of an element or the smallest particle of an atom, which can maintain chemical consistency with the original substance. Molecules are divided into biomolecules and abiotic molecules. Biomolecules are composed of abiotic molecules, and they already have life.
Heredity is the basis of the evolution of human structure and function, and also the basis of the evolution of human wisdom.
Genetics: it is the scientific research on the laws of heredity and variation by graduate students, including the nature, transmission and realization of genetic information.
The essence of genetic material includes: its chemical essence, the genetic information it contains, its structure, organization and changes.
⑵ The transmission of genetic material includes: the reproduction of genetic material, the behavior of chromosomes, the law of inheritance and the change of the number of genes in the population.
⑶ The realization of gene information includes: the original function of gene, the interaction of gene, the regulation of gene action and the mechanism of gene action in individual development.
Genetic material: the essence is chromosome. There are 46 human chromosomes, the size of which is about 1~2 microns. DNA is the main component of chromosomes. The transmission of genetic material is realized by the replication of DNA and RNA, and genetic information is the information and program of DNA.
Second, molecular biology and human evolution
In biological genes, the whole process of biological evolution is recorded. If we can read genes, we can understand all the history of biological evolution. And the culture contained in genes is gene culture; Genetic wisdom is the wisdom that the organisms in genes transform themselves and create themselves.
In human evolution, wisdom plays a leading role in evolution: from human genes, we can interpret gene culture and gene wisdom; From biomolecules, we can see molecular intelligence; From biological cells, we can see cell intelligence; From biological organizations, we can see organizational intelligence; From biological organs, we can see organ intelligence.
If the early stage of human evolution is an evolutionary process of wisdom formation, then when this wisdom is formed, human evolution has entered a period of wisdom evolution under the guidance and control of wisdom. Including: (1) the evolution of human body itself-the evolution of function, structure and evolutionary mechanism; (2) the evolution of human culture-the evolution of culture, science and technology, material civilization, knowledge, thought and wisdom.
In the process of intelligent evolution, intelligent programs have produced a series of transformations, including: self-formation, self-reorganization, self-organization, self-evolution and self-control of programs. It is their formation that leads to the self-formation, self-recombination, self-organization, self-evolution and self-controlled evolution of intelligent programs.
In the biological sense, "evolution" refers to the process of producing life from inanimate substances and then developing completely according to natural methods.
Life is a molecular phenomenon, and biomolecules are the smallest unit of life. Wonderful biomolecules are extremely complex. They are organic molecules with biomolecular intelligence. Now we don't know why biomolecules have life phenomena, and what is the difference between them and abiotic molecules? What is the difference between biomolecular evolution and abiotic molecular evolution? What about biomolecular intelligence?
During the development of human embryos, there are cell "mutations". As we know, man is developed from a fertilized egg. A fertilized egg is just a cell, but a fetus has many kinds of cells. So, it should be said that the fetus is "mutated" from a fertilized egg? It turned out that it wasn't like that at all.
The fertilized egg carries the human genetic gene-DNA, which consists of a series of programs and carries all the information that constitutes all different types of cells in the human body. This program will gradually complete the development of the fetus according to the original time sequence and composition of the fetus. The fertilized egg provides genetic information for the formation of the fetus and a place to replicate various cells. Therefore, the process of human embryo development is by no means a cell "mutation", but a process of genetic information program execution.
There are many highly intelligent organs in organisms, such as: (1) molecular organs, highways and transportation lines that constitute intracellular material transportation, and life switches of various life processes; (2) Solar organs-organs with photosynthesis; (3) Electronic organs-organs of the nervous system. These highly intelligent organs perform different functions, and they are much more advanced than the most complex and sophisticated artificial intelligence instruments available.
Third, biological inheritance and wisdom inheritance.
Biological inheritance: refers to the quality passed from ancestors to offspring through cell chromosomes. Biological inheritance not only gives us a complete body, but also gives us a complete intelligent structure, which is the brain. Biological inheritance is completed by genetic information carried by genetic DNA, which includes information that constitutes human body structure and physiological function, as well as information that constitutes wisdom.
Wisdom inheritance: We know that the physiological function of human body is not controlled by human consciousness, but belongs to the subconscious, and human genetic wisdom is also deeply hidden in the subconscious. It must go through acquired learning and social practice development before it can enter our consciousness and be perceived by us.
Consciousness: refers to the reflection of human mind on the objective material world, which is the sum of various psychological processes such as feeling and thinking. Human inheritance has given us this potential intelligence, the most important of which is: "being able to identify and learn the intelligence of information systems created by human beings, including languages, characters, symbols, graphics and so on." In other words, our brain is not empty, it contains all the information that forms potential intelligence.
Evolution: It is particularly emphasized here that the baby's "intelligent center that can recognize and learn the language created by human beings" is in the conscious area of the brain, in an open state, ready to accept external information at any time. Its development and shaping process is a key period for human evolution from natural person to social person. If, in this period, the baby only accepts animal information, such as the "wolf child" as we know it, he will "evolve" into an animal with wolf habits.
It is also very important for babies to know their surroundings and companions. He will evolve under its influence. If it is a human environment, then he will evolve into a human, otherwise he will "evolve" into an animal. Because babies have not formed their own consciousness and have no ability to choose and identify the environment, the early evolution of babies is a process of adapting to the environment, not a process of choosing and identifying the environment.
Intelligence Center: We have accepted all the "intelligence centers" inherited from our ancestors. Early infant education not only awakens these sleeping intellectual centers, but also promotes the development and maturity of their structures. At the same time, it also injected a lot of "human information", which made it form the initial "primitive consciousness". Obviously, "human information" is an important factor to promote infants to form normal "cognitive psychological intelligence". In this way, conscious consciousness is obtained through evolution, and its main feature is that it can "actively pay attention and pay attention", which is different from the innate conditioned reflex of infants. The former is an "active and conscious behavior"; The latter is a kind of "passive and unconscious behavior".
Information inheritance: If DNA is the sum of the genetic information of the whole human body, why do we only think that it can inherit our body structure and not our evolutionary wisdom? The ability to process information. Some people will say, if wisdom is inherited, why can't babies talk and read after birth? I think there are several possibilities:
(1) The genetic information base must establish a corresponding relationship with the acquired sensory information base before it can be started.
⑵ Knowledge information should be acquired the day after tomorrow, which is abstract information.
(3) Abstract information consists of abstract symbols and images created by human beings, and image information is most easily accepted by human beings first.
(4) In fact, babies' learning really begins with image cognition, which is consistent with the process of adults learning natural science.
5. Our knowledge is based on our perception of information in nature, and through continuous summarization, we have transformed this information in nature into human information and established today's knowledge system.
Biological inheritance does not pass on the knowledge created by ancestors to us, but gives us intelligence. Why? We should know that this kind of "intelligence" (the core of wisdom) obtained by genetic means cannot be formed and changed in a short time, and it will accompany us all our lives.
Knowledge inheritance: If we only get knowledge inheritance, but not the intellectual inheritance that can create knowledge, then this kind of knowledge inheritance wisdom will be difficult or impossible to change in our short life, which has a great constraint on the re-evolution of individuals. Knowledge inheritance will become the inherent wisdom in the human brain, which is also not conducive to the diversified development of individuals and does not conform to the principle of biodiversity.
Intellectual inheritance: Why do individuals have to acquire the inheritance of "wisdom core"? Because this "wisdom core" was formed in the long process of human evolution, it is impossible for an individual to complete this evolution in a limited life. This "wisdom core" is that people are born to speak and can identify and learn information systems created by human beings themselves. The human brain has such a function that it can obtain the wisdom crystallization of predecessors through learning, and create new knowledge and wisdom on this basis, without directly obtaining "wisdom" (knowledge) through genetic means. What we need is the structure and basic function of wisdom, the wisdom of learning and creation.
The fourth part is wisdom education: exploring the evolution of human wisdom.
Section 2 Evolution and Wisdom Education
Evolution is not only a classic theory of biological evolution and wisdom, but also a classic theory of the evolution of overall scientific theory, scientific ideas and scientific methods. It is precisely because of this that we have created the theory of system self-evolution in artificial intelligence theory.
First, the "macro" evolutionary theory and wisdom.
Darwin: In the book Origin of Species published by 1859, he systematically expounded his own theory of biological evolution, that is, the famous Darwinism. It is believed that all living things have the tendency of over-reproduction, and the living space and food are limited, so living things must "fight for survival". Individuals in the same population (group) have variation, those individuals who have favorable variation and can adapt to the environment will survive and reproduce, while those individuals who do not have favorable variation will be eliminated. If natural conditions and changes are directional, then in the historical process, after a long period of "natural selection", "small variations will accumulate and become significant variations." This may lead to the formation of subspecies and new species.
"Macro" theory of evolution: its representative Darwin firmly believes that the evolution of organisms is the result of natural selection. He emphasized the adaptability of organisms to the natural environment, and believed that natural selection and adaptation were the original driving force of biological evolution. The diversity of biological population is closely related to the natural environment in which organisms live. The essence of biological evolution is random mutation of DNA, and biological evolution is a natural attribute.
In my opinion, Darwin's biological evolution theory is reasonable for explaining the evolution of biological organisms, but for the intellectual evolution of human beings, it can't get rid of its "philosophical thought system of biological attributes". If we say that in the early stage of human evolution, human beings have not divorced from all the attributes of biological evolution, and human evolution in this period is still in a "passive evolution to adapt to the natural environment." Then, the intellectual evolution in the later stage of human evolution is a kind of "active evolution that actively adapts to the natural environment, actively understands the world and actively transforms the world". This is mainly manifested in the "original creative consciousness" of human intellectual evolution, including tools, languages, characters, symbols and graphics created by human beings. Why is the evolution of human intelligence an active process? Because human evolution, if we just follow nature blindly, the result of this evolution is that it is impossible to produce "active consciousness" beyond animals, and it is impossible to create tools and languages.
However, it is on the basis of using natural tools that human beings get the "inspiration" of creation, and then sprout the "original creative consciousness", and then embark on the active creative process of intellectual evolution. Let's look at the evolution of modern human wisdom. Which scientific and technological progress is not the result of creation? In turn, human scientific and technological creation has promoted the evolution of human wisdom. This "thinking system of reverse intelligence evolution", which infers the evolution of primitive human intelligence from the evolution of modern human intelligence, is very scientific and conforms to the objective law of human intelligence evolution.
Second, "micro" evolution and wisdom theory
"Microscopic" evolutionism is a theoretical system to study and explain human evolution from the "microscopic" level of molecular biochemistry.
Doubt: The "microscopic" theory of evolution doubts Darwin's theory of evolution: it holds that human evolution is not a long-term "natural selection" but a "sudden change" in the overall functional structure.
Core theory: Any kind of system has irreducible complexity. The so-called "irreducible complexity" means that a system is composed of several properly matched and interrelated parts, which are the basis for the system to play its role. Therefore, the lack of any part will make the system unable to operate effectively. Therefore, in biological evolution, the biological system can only form a whole at a time.
Transition: In biological evolution, there is no precursor of transition at the functional level. We can understand this problem from non-biological examples: for example, from bicycle to automobile, bicycle can only be the precursor of "conceptual" transition, not "practical" transition, because bicycle can't evolve from its chain to the engine of automobile in any case.
Directed evolution: Because of this, DNA "directed evolution" is a kind of "hypermutation" effect on the environment, resulting in a large number of models trying to complete wedge cooperation with foreign viruses. However, these processes only occur in the information layer and never reach the antibody manufacturing layer. Just like before we solve a problem, we put forward a solution to the problem through thinking, look for various possibilities to solve the problem from divergent thinking activities, and finally choose the right solution from them. This is the wonder of evolution.
The reason why a creature is wise is that for any necessary functional activity, he only uses various "instructions" to find the functional activity that needs to be executed eventually, rather than obtaining the final correct scheme through the concrete realization of various functions. If so, how many failures does it take for the organism to find the right solution? The evolution of human wisdom also gives human beings the wisdom to find the right solution with thinking, so that human beings do not have to pay the price for the failure of "action". This is the meaning of evolution, and this is also the fundamental reason why we have to uncover the mystery of wisdom.
Programmed evolution: In the process of biological evolution, the recombination of genes in DNA should be the reconstruction or recombination of a program. Every life process in the cell is completed according to the instructions of DNA program. The change of the program is accomplished by the self-organizing intelligence, self-evolving intelligence, self-controlling intelligence and self-improving intelligence of DNA, and its purpose is to adapt to the natural selection and active selection of the environment. Based on this theory, large-scale system control is designed and realized.
Similarly, the origin of life belongs to the evolution of programs: life is programmed by data and information. A program is composed of some regular data and information, which is called "sequence". The initial order of life formation is the natural law-"natural procedure". Everything has its inherent laws, information exists in nature, and nature itself is a "law".
Programmed evolution can change the life process in cells from one mode to another. The process of life is just a process controlled by programs. The reason of biological evolution is program evolution, and all life phenomena we see are only the results under the control of this program. So it is futile to prove the evolutionary method from the results. We should discuss the evolution of biology and intelligence from the perspective of cause-program evolution.
The fourth part is wisdom education: exploring the evolution of human wisdom.
Exploring the origin and evolution of the universe is more difficult than exploring the origin and evolution of life, because living things and nonliving things are just different ways of existence, and the origin of life is only the transformation of material composition. And what should be the original state of the origin of the universe? What is the process of evolution? This is a very difficult mystery.
DNA and RNA: Scientific research has proved that "hydrogen carbon" and "nitrogen oxygen" existing in nature can generate alkanes, ammonia and water under the action of lightning, volcanoes and sunlight, forming amino acids, and so can DNA and RNA. Protein is just an orderly combination of amino acids. DNA and RNA are not only living things, but also monomers for information coding and media for information storage.
Some scholars have suggested that modern science has added human wisdom to the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and its wisdom should be zero in the original state of DNA and RNA formation. I think: in the primitive state of DNA and RNA formation, its wisdom is "natural order". We should not deny the existence of "natural order". We should know that human beings are naturally created, and so is human wisdom. So, why must human wisdom be higher than natural wisdom? Isn't modern science and technology just revealing the laws of nature?
Other scholars often use the generation and evolution of artificial substances to illustrate the impossibility of the generation and evolution of natural substances, which is absolutely wrong. Because artificial matter and natural matter are completely different concepts, artificial matter is the result of human information operation, and natural matter is the result of natural information operation; Man-made substances endow mankind with wisdom, while natural substances maintain the natural order-"natural wisdom".
When biological cells replicate, extracting NDA information is divided into two processes:
(1) Transcription-Cells first transcribe the information of NDA into RNA, and make various RNAs, which carry the information of NDA.
(2) Translation-RNA is a copy of NDA and converts its information into a specific protein, and protein is the entity of this group of information.
Password: when an organism evolves, it first marks the password that needs to evolve in its NDA, and changes the password when it is passed on to the next generation. So the password accepted by the next generation is a changed password, which is an evolved password. The next generation of organisms can use directly obtained, evolved and new codes to establish new cell structures without transforming their own cell structures. The specific process is: the new password evolution of sperm+egg fertilized egg. When the egg is fertilized, the information of evolution will be passed on to the next generation.
The replication and evolution of computer viruses should have many implications for biological evolution, that is, program evolution. We should make an in-depth study in this field.
Selection and adaptation: according to molecular biochemistry, a system must have "the most basic function" in order to stand the test of "natural selection". According to the structure of the system itself, people think that the Darwinian explanation of life mechanism is always elusive. In my opinion, the evolution of the "most basic function" structure is not the transformation of the original cell structure, but the evolution of DNA to form a new "most basic function" structure. "Natural selection" and "adaptation to the environment"; "Natural selection" and "survival of the fittest" are the fundamental principles of all biological evolution.
"Natural selection" is a two-way process, and biological selection is suitable for its own living environment, so as to "survive the fittest"; The environment, with its own regulating function, chooses various factors that constitute the environment to achieve balance. Because both the ecological environment and the cosmic environment are originally a dynamic balance system, they can exist like this because they have an internal operating mechanism to maintain this dynamic balance, which is their natural law.
We should not understand and examine living things and non-living things from a completely opposite angle. But to analyze and examine the evolution and evolution of living and non-living things from the cosmic environment and its evolution law. Any law should be a general procedure and order. The control and adjustment mechanism of a program should be regarded as a kind of intelligence. Different levels of programs are just different in intelligence.
Mode transformation: "Complex system" must have self-organizing intelligence, self-controlling intelligence and self-evolving intelligence. The "complex system" changes from one mode to another through the "disorder" of the system. Just like a fertilized egg is just a cell at the beginning, showing a stable and organized state, the DNA of the fertilized egg contains a program that can break this stable "organization", thus leading to "disorder" within the cell, resulting in liver cells, skin cells, brain cells and so on.
This process is very similar to the behavior of computer programs. "Complex system" uses a mathematical concept to describe the behavior of computer programs. As we know, a small program change in a computer will cause a huge change in output, and this is how organisms evolve.
The natural order forms the biological order in DNA, and the change of environment makes the biological order need to be changed accordingly, which leads to purposeful change. The self-control intelligence of DNA is very sensitive to the change of environment, which leads to the change of instructions. Biochemistry and bioelectricity, that is, the change of positive and negative electricity, are similar to the change of information in electronic computers. For example: "positive" and "negative"; "0"、" 1"。 These are probably the composition mechanisms of biological programs. Let's discuss some intelligence in biology from artificial intelligence and information theory.
Molecular Intelligence: Every molecule is made up of corresponding atoms, and it has a certain motion mode, that is, the interaction between the corresponding atoms that make up a molecule constitutes the only motion mode of this molecule. This unique way of movement is composed of a series of data, which in turn constitute information and finally constitute a unique "program". And this "program" is molecular intelligence, and molecules keep their own unique motion patterns under its control.
Cellular intelligence: DNA exists in every cell, and there is a "program" that controls the life process of the cell, so the "program" of DNA is cellular intelligence. Cell evolution is accomplished by purposefully choosing this "smart program". Just like we humans transform the environment, cells are constantly transforming and perfecting themselves, so DNA is an absolute master of intelligence.
Organ intelligence: An organ is composed of a series of related cells, and its function is accomplished by the cooperation of these cells. The cooperation mechanism of an organ is also its control mechanism, namely organ intelligence.
From bicycle to airplane, it is the evolution from artificial power to mechanical power, the evolution of power direction, the evolution of basic components and the evolution of component combination mode. These are the evolution of wisdom "concepts" and wisdom "instructions". The same is true of cell evolution.
The evolution of human intelligence, like biological evolution, is also the evolution of procedures. For example, the process of human feeling, cognition and thinking is the running process of some programs, including self-formation, self-reorganization, self-organization, self-evolution and self-control of programs.
The fourth part is wisdom education: exploring the evolution of human wisdom.
If we can determine that the evolution of human intelligence is procedural evolution, we can study the evolution of human intelligence according to the mechanism of procedural evolution. This requires further scientific research.
Third, the evolution of genetic wisdom.
The evolution of "intelligent core" is realized by population evolution. In the long years of human evolution, human DNA genes retain the "imprint" of nature's own operating rules-order, such as time: sunrise and sunset all year round; There is still room: size, height, distance. After hundreds of millions of years of evolution, this "imprint" is slowly stored in the "DNA" inside the human body in the form of genetic genes, which is the most primitive beginning of the evolution of wisdom.
Another part of human evolution is social evolution. Social evolution is cultural evolution, including information created by human beings: language, characters, symbols, graphics and so on. , as well as religion, folklore, civilization, science and technology. Social evolution belongs to abiotic evolution, which occurs outside the human body and is realized through cultural evolution.
Why can't biological evolution transfer all wisdom, including intelligence and knowledge, to individuals? I think there are the following 1 1 reasons for adopting social inheritance for knowledge transmission:
(1) Human genetic genes carry all the genes needed for human inheritance, which is a huge and astronomical information system. During the short ten-month pregnancy, we must first ensure that the genes provided by the father and mother are completely and accurately inherited to form the fetus' own genetic genes.
(2) Then this genetic gene differentiates to form primitive cells of different tissues and organs, and then these primitive cells develop into different tissues and organs of the human body.
(3) Do you know that there are hundreds of millions of cells in the human body, what kind of complex and subtle anatomical structure each cell has, and different tissues and cells have their own unique physiological functions? What a huge and complicated bioengineering it is to complete the inheritance of such a huge system!
(4) As we all know, the human body is an open system. To maintain a fairly stable state of dynamic balance, it requires the human body to have a fairly complex and perfect regulation system.
5] If a living body wants to survive, it must undergo metabolism, and metabolism is a very complicated life process.
[6] At the same time, life must be able to adapt well to the external environment and fight against diseases. This series of functions of the human body also needs genes to inherit.
Since the appearance of language, human wisdom has developed rapidly, and the evolution of human genetic genes is a long process.
In other words, biological inheritance can no longer meet the needs of rapid social evolution. This is because it is impossible for human genes to solidify all the knowledge and wisdom acquired by human beings into genetic genes in a short time.
(9) It happens that the language, characters and symbols created by human beings are very suitable for this role, which is a natural social evolution.
⑽ For human biological evolution, social evolution is a quite "economic" means, which can not only complete its own evolution in a short time, but also reduce the load of biological inheritance, thus ensuring the accuracy, simplicity and purity of biological inheritance.
⑾ Imagine that if all the genetic tasks of knowledge and wisdom are handed over to biological genetic genes, too much information has exceeded the genetic ability that human genetic genes can bear, which will inevitably lead to chaos in the genetic process and make the normal inheritance of human beings impossible to complete.
I think there must be "wisdom genetic information" in human genes. Without intelligent genetic information, how can babies learn language and scientific knowledge? On the other hand, wisdom is acquired. Why can only people get it? Why can't other animals and plants gain acquired wisdom? In my opinion, the most fundamental wisdom that babies get is "the ability to recognize and learn information created by human beings", and the rest of wisdom can be acquired the day after tomorrow.
Fourth, acquire the evolution of wisdom.
Acquired wisdom evolution: it is individual evolution and the crystallization of innate wisdom and acquired learning practice. Social evolution includes the evolution of individual brain structure and brain genetic wisdom, as well as the evolution of external material civilization, scientific knowledge and technology. Social evolution not only enables individuals to acquire innate wisdom structure and evolution of wisdom information, but also lays a rich foundation for individuals to further acquire external material civilization, scientific knowledge and technology. On the other hand, it has acquired an evolved individual and promoted social evolution. Excellent people in evolution will guide and promote the evolution of the whole society.
Migration: In the modern evolutionary history of mankind, external material civilization, scientific knowledge and technology have evolved most rapidly. Social evolution is created by human beings themselves, which is the demand of survival and development and the desire of human beings. Why does society evolve so rapidly? It turns out that this is because of "gene migration, evolutionary migration".
Creation: Since our ancestors walked out of the forest, with the continuous expansion of their activities and the complexity of labor production, the volume of human brain has increased rapidly, and the accumulation of original experience has also increased. At this time, human beings have "vaguely" realized that biological evolution can no longer meet the needs of their own development. As a result, human beings gradually began to create their own language, and then created words. In this way, the knowledge acquired by human beings can be preserved and developed rapidly. Later, mankind created a system of mathematics and logic, which developed human wisdom to a brand-new stage.
Evolution of brain structure: In the early evolution of human beings, the evolution of brain structure was very limited. This is mainly because the evolution of brain structure depends on the evolution of genetic genes, which is a very slow process. We know that the evolution of wisdom depends on two aspects: one is the evolution of brain structure and genetic wisdom, the other is the social evolution of external material civilization, scientific knowledge and technology.
Subjective initiative: The fundamental reason why man can become the spirit of all things is his unique subjective initiative. After realizing that the evolution of human wisdom is bound by biological evolution, human beings actively created a social evolution system, which made the inheritance of human culture "migrate from the inside out" and the evolution of human culture "migrate from the inside out", thus completing a complete revolution in the evolution of wisdom.
in addition