If you want to do well in the exam, study hard. I'll send you some information and wish you success! Pedagogy 1. Pedagogy is a science that studies educational phenomena and reveals educational laws. 2. China's Annals of the Spring and Autumn Annals is the first educational monograph in the world. It is about 300 years earlier than quintilian's On the Education of Performers. Among them, the main ideas are: "don't encourage seedlings" and "do it without paying attention to festivals" (reflecting the principle of gradual teaching); "Tao leads, strength leads, restraint leads, and openness leads" (reflecting the inspiring teaching principle); "Teaching and learning complement each other" (reflecting the teaching law of the unity of teachers' leading role and students' main role). 3. The Great Teaching Theory by Comenius of Czech Republic (1632) is the first educational monograph in modern times. He put forward the class teaching system. 4. Dewey's humanism and education in the United States emphasizes "children's center", puts forward the method of "learning by doing" and establishes "modern education school". 5. Zakov's "Teaching and Development" of the Soviet Union takes the "all-round development" of students as the starting point and attribution of teaching. 6. The main idea of Bruner's "educational process" in the United States is structuralism and discovery teaching methods. 7. The Soviet Union and Holinsky of the Soviet Union wrote "Advice to Teachers" and "Dedicating the Whole Mind to Children", which are called "living pedagogy" and "encyclopedia of school life". 8. The concept of education: broadly speaking, it refers to social education, school education and family education; Narrowly refers to school education; The deviation of righteousness refers to ideological and moral education. 9. The social attributes of education are eternity, historicity and relative independence. 10. The teaching contents of China feudal social schools are mainly: "Four Books" (University, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects of Confucius, Tanzi); "Five Classics" (Poetry, Book, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period). Run through Confucianism. 1 1. Genetic quality does not play a decisive role in people's physical and mental development, but social environment does. However, environmental determinism is wrong, because people's acceptance of environmental impact is not negative or passive, but a positive and dynamic practice process. 12, the dual tasks of ordinary middle schools in China are: to cultivate labor reserve forces in all walks of life; Send qualified freshmen to higher-level schools. 13. The components of quality education in China are moral education, intellectual education, physical education, aesthetic education and labor technology education. 14, "double basics" refers to the basic scientific and cultural knowledge and skills of the system. One of the tasks of intellectual education is to develop students' intelligence, including observation, imagination, thinking, memory and attention, among which thinking ability is the decisive factor. 16, the fundamental task of physical education is to enhance students' physique. Cai Yuanpei first put forward aesthetic education in 19 12, and advocated "replacing religion with aesthetic education". 18, the task of aesthetic education: (1) to enable students to have a correct aesthetic view and the knowledge and ability to feel and appreciate beauty; (2) Cultivate students' ability to express and create beauty; (3) Cultivate students' spiritual beauty and behavioral beauty. 19, the task of labor technology education: (1) Cultivate students' labor outlook and develop correct labor attitudes and habits; (2) Educate students to master some basic production knowledge and labor skills. 20. Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must accept according to law and is guaranteed by the state, society and family. Compulsory education is a kind of compulsory education. 2 1. Teachers are the organizers and leaders of educational work and play a leading role in the educational process. 22. Teaching and educating people is the fundamental task of teachers. 23. Characteristics of teachers' labor: (1) Complexity and creativity; (2) continuity in time and extensiveness in space; (3) long-term and indirect; (4) Subjectivity and demonstration. 24. Teachers' quality: professional ethics, knowledge and ability. 25. Students are the object of education, the subject of self-education and development, and the developing people. 26. The characteristics of the new teacher-student relationship in China are: (1) respecting teachers and loving students; (2) Democracy and equality; (3) Teaching and learning learn from each other. Fundamentally speaking, the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship depends on the education level of teachers. 27. Teaching is a bilateral activity composed of teachers and students to transfer and master social experience. 28, teaching is the basic way to achieve educational goals. Teaching is always instructive. Teaching is the central work of the school, and the work of the school must adhere to the principle of teaching priority and overall arrangement. 29. The teaching process is a process of teaching information feedback and bilateral activities between teachers and students. In teaching, teachers play a leading role and students are the main body. The leading role of teachers is not to replace doing everything. 30. Curriculum is the core of school education and the blueprint for schools to cultivate future talents. 3 1. Principles to be followed in the compilation of subject curriculum standards and teaching materials: unity of ideological and scientific nature: integration of theory with practice; The combination of stability and the times; The combination of systematicness and acceptability. 32. Knowledge is not the same as intelligence, and how much knowledge is mastered does not indicate the level of intellectual development. It is wrong to combine the mastery of knowledge with the development of intelligence in the teaching process. Whether it is formal education theory (British Locke) or substantive education theory (British Spencer), it is wrong to focus only on the cultivation of ability. 33. Herbart put forward the law of the unity of knowledge imparting and ideological and moral education. 34. The basic stage of the teaching process: ("Stimulate learning motivation; (2) the formation of perception and representation of teaching materials; (3) Understanding teaching materials and forming concepts are the central links; (4) consolidating knowledge; (5) Form skills with knowledge. 35. Main teaching principles: (1) the principle of combining science and education; (2) the principle of integrating theory with practice; (3) the principle of intuition; (4) Heuristic principle; (5) The principle of gradual circulation; (6) the principle of merger; (7) The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. 36. Two opposing teaching methods are heuristic and injection. Heuristics should be advocated and injection should be opposed. 37, the basic organizational form of teaching-classroom teaching. 38. Common teaching methods: ("Teaching methods based on language transmission: ① lecture method: ② conversation method; ⑧ Discussion method; 4 reading guidance method. (2) Teaching methods based on intuitive perception: ① Demonstration; ② Visiting method. (3) Teaching methods based on practical training: ① Practice method; ② Experimental methods: ⑧ Practical methods; ④ Practice the activity method. (4) Teaching method based on inquiry activity: discovery method. (5) Teaching methods based on emotional edification (experience): ① Appreciation teaching method; ② Situational teaching method. 39. The basic link of teaching work: (1) preparing lessons; (2) attending classes (the central link of teaching work); (3) assignment and correction of homework; (4) Extracurricular tutoring; (5) Evaluation of academic performance. 40. The basic requirements of a good class: ("The teaching purpose is clear. (2) The content is correct. Highlight the key points and difficulties and grasp the key points. (3) The structure is reasonable. The course is highly planned, organized, efficient and effective. (4) Proper methods. (5) Language arts. (6) The blackboard is neat and orderly. (7) the attitude is calm and comfortable. Moral education generally includes four basic aspects: political education, ideological education, law and discipline education and moral quality education. 42. The process of moral education is a process of cultivating and improving students' knowledge, feelings, intentions and actions. Knowledge, emotion, will and action are the four elements of moral psychology. Behavior is the key to the formation of students' ideological and moral character, and it is also the main symbol to measure a person's ideological and moral level. The process of virtue develops in the order of knowledge, emotion, will and action, but any one of these elements can be the beginning of moral cultivation, that is, ideological and moral education is multifaceted, that is, the process of moral education is the process of cultivating and improving students' knowledge, emotion, will and action, and teachers should "reason with reason, move with emotion, persevere and guide them to action". 43. Activities and communication are the source and foundation of students' ideological and moral formation. 44. Principles of moral education: principles of socialist orientation; The principle of proceeding from students' reality; The principle of unity of knowledge and action; The principle of combining collective education with individual education; The principle of combining positive education with discipline; The principle of relying on positive factors and overcoming negative factors; Respect the principle of combining trust with strict requirements for students; Principles of consistency and coherence of educational influence. 45. makarenko's theory of parallel education: the principle of combining collective education with individual education. 46. Ways of moral education: Ideological and political courses are particularly important, while teaching in other disciplines is the most frequent and basic way. 47. Cultivation education includes personality cultivation, environmental cultivation and artistic cultivation. 48. The main task of a class teacher is to manage the class and teach the students well. 49. A comprehensive understanding and study of students is the premise and foundation for the class teacher to work effectively. Among them, observation is the most basic cognitive method. 50. Organizing and cultivating the class collective is the central link of the class teacher's work. Cultivating correct collective public opinion and excellent class spirit is one of the important signs to measure whether the class collective is formed. 2. Psychology 5 1. Psychology is a science that studies psychological phenomena and their laws. Psychological phenomenon is also called psychological activity, including psychological process and personality psychology. 52, psychological process: ("cognitive process, including feeling, perception, memory, thinking and imagination; (2) Emotion and emotional process; (3) Meeting process. 53, personality psychology: ("Personality psychological motivation (tendency), including needs, motives, interests, beliefs, world outlook, etc. ; (2) Psychological characteristics of personality, including ability, temperament and personality. 54. Psychology is the function of the human brain, and the brain is the organ of psychology. The essence of human psychology: the reflection of objective reality in the human brain. 55, the basic activity of the nervous system-reflex. 56. Consciousness is the highest form of human psychological reflection. The basic characteristics of consciousness: conscious purpose, subjective initiative, social constraints, and the coordination of two signal systems, mainly the second signal system. 57. Nature of Psychology: Psychology is an interdisciplinary subject between natural science and social science. 58. Demand type: (1) By source: physiological demand and social demand; (2) By object: material needs and spiritual needs. 59. Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be divided into physiological needs, security needs, social needs (also called love and belonging needs), respect needs and self-realization needs. 60. Incentive conditions: internal conditions are needs and external conditions are incentives. 6l。 Interest refers to the individual's psychological tendency to actively know, explore and engage in activities. 62. The quality characteristics of interest: tendentiousness (also called directionality), extensiveness, stability (also called persistence) and high efficiency. 63. Stimulation of learning motivation: (1) Create problem situations and implement heuristic teaching. (2) Properly control the excitation level according to the operation difficulty. (3) Make full use of feedback information for effective rewards and punishments. (4) Set up the classroom structure reasonably and organize the learning competition reasonably. (5) Correctly guide the attribution of grades and urge students to continue their efforts. 64. Jacques-dodson Law: A moderate level of motivation is most conducive to stimulating students' learning motivation. 65. According to the theory of achievement structure, there are three realistic classroom structures: cooperative, competitive and personalized. The cooperative goal structure can arouse the enthusiasm of learning to the maximum extent. 66. According to the attribution theory of success or failure, students often attribute success or failure to four aspects: ability, effort, luck and task difficulty. 67. The theoretical basis of creating problem situations is achievement motivation theory. 68. Feeling is a reflection of the individual attributes of objective things that directly act on the sensory organs. Perception is the comprehensive reflection of the human brain on the objective things that directly act on the sensory organs. Feeling is the basis of perception, and perception is the integration of feeling. 69. Biological clock phenomenon: All physical and chemical changes in the human body are rhythmic, and these rhythmic changes are the so-called "biological clock" mechanism. 70. Characteristics of perception: selectivity, integrity, understanding and constancy. 7 1, the characteristics of attention: the directionality, concentration and organization of psychological activities. 72. Types of attention: careless attention (unintentional attention), casual attention (intentional attention) and casual attention (intentional attention). 73. Thinking is the indirect and generalized reflection of the human brain on the essential characteristics and internal laws of objective things. Indirectness and generality are two basic characteristics of thinking. 74. Thinking types: (1) According to the dependent things and thinking forms, it can be divided into action thinking, image thinking and abstract logical thinking. (2) According to whether the logic rules are followed, it can be divided into informal logic thinking and formal logic thinking. (3) According to the direction and answer, there are differences: centralized thinking and divergent thinking (seeking difference thinking). 75. Thinking process: analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and generalization, systematization and concretization. 76. Basic forms of thinking: concept, judgment and reasoning. 77. Thinking activities to solve problems: (1) Asking questions (the process of finding contradictions). (2) Clarify the problem (the process of finding out the main contradiction). (3) Propose assumptions (looking for solutions to problems in the form of assumptions). (4) Testing hypothesis (testing hypothesis through theoretical and practical forms). 78. Inspiration is the way to solve problems from other things. What inspires and solves problems is called prototype. 79. Stereotype refers to a state of preparation for psychological activities (psychological tendency is also called psychological orientation). 80. Migration is the influence of acquired knowledge, skills and learning methods on learning new knowledge and skills. The mastery of one kind of knowledge and skill promotes the mastery of another kind of knowledge and skill, which is positive migration, such as imitating others by analogy; On the contrary, it is negative migration. 8 1. Understanding is students' understanding of the nature and laws of things in textbooks. Understanding is the central link for students to master knowledge. 82. Imagination is a process in which the human brain processes existing representations to create new images. Imagination is a special form of thinking. Perceptual materials are the foundation of imagination, and practical activities are the reason and motivation to promote imagination. 83. Types of imagination: ("According to whether imagination has a purpose, it can be divided into intentional imagination and unintentional imagination; (2) According to the novelty and creativity of the content, it is divided into recreating imagination and creating imagination; (3) According to the relationship between imagination and reality, it can be divided into fantasy, ideal and fantasy. 84. The characteristics of good thinking quality: (1) broad and profound. (2) independence and criticism. (3) logic. (4) flexibility and agility. (5) creativity. 85. Memory is the reflection of past experiences in the human brain. It includes three basic links: memory, retention, recognition and recall. Judging from the information processing, it is a process of encoding, storing and extracting the input residence. 86. Classification of memory: (1) According to content and object, it can be divided into image memory, logical memory, emotional memory and action memory. (2) According to the information processing and memory stages: instantaneous memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. 87. Maintenance is the process of consolidating the acquired knowledge and experience. Retention is the central link of memory. 88. Forgetting: The materials that have been memorized can no longer be identified and recalled, or are manifested as wrong identification and recall. Ebbinghaus's law of forgetting curve: the forgetting process is unbalanced and has the characteristics of "fast first and then slow". 89. Types and laws of association: proximity association (proximity in space and time), similarity association (similarity in nature), contrast law (contrast in nature and characteristics) and causality (causality). 90. Good memory qualities include agility, durability, accuracy and readiness (referring to whether the required knowledge can be extracted from memory in time, which is the application characteristic of extraction). 9 1, skill is a legal way of activity formed through learning. Practice is the basic way to form operational skills. 92. Knowledge provides orientation basis for activities, and skills control the implementation of activities. 93. Plateau phenomenon: In the middle stage of operating skills practice, there will be a pause in the performance progress. 94. Ability is a personality characteristic, which directly affects the efficiency of activities and enables them to be successfully completed. Only by transferring knowledge and skills can we "draw inferences from others" and "practice makes perfect" and promote the development of ability. 95. Abstract logical thinking ability is the core component of intelligence, and creativity is the advanced form of intelligence. 96. Extraordinary children: IQ is above 130; Children with low IQ: below 70. 97. Emotion is related to physiological needs; Emotion is related to social needs. The basic emotions are divided into: happiness, sadness and fear; Emotion can be divided into mood, passion and pressure according to the duration of intensity. 98. Overcoming internal and external difficulties is the most important feature of will. 99. There are four forms of conflict of purpose in will action: two-way conflict, double avoidance conflict, avoidance conflict and multiple avoidance conflict. 100, Pavlov divided human neural activity into many types, among which there are four typical types and temperament types: the strong and unbalanced type is bile; Strong, balanced and flexible type is sanguine; The firm, balanced and rigid type is mucilage; Weak type is depressed type. 10 1. Personality is a psychological feature of personality in its stable attitude towards reality and habitual behavior. Temperament is formed early and is first shown; And the character is formed late, which is manifested in the back. Personality is the core part of personality. 102, the realistic standard of mental health: correct self-cognition; Interpersonal coordination; Gender role differentiation; Social adaptation is good; Positive and stable emotions; Personality structure is complete. Other standards include: Maslow's "self-actualizer" standard and "future new human" standard. 103, psychological consultation: psychoanalysis-Freud; Behavior correction method-Watson; Humanistic y: f method-Rogers; Rational emotional therapy-Alice. 104, adolescent heterosexual communication principle: natural moderation. Please contact me if you need anything else. I'm glad to help you.