China ancient mathematics education has always advocated practical principles. The way of education is to set out from experience and reality, establish principle formulas and solve various specific problems in practice.
Mathematics education in China began as early as the Zhou Dynasty, and many history books recorded it.
According to the Book of Rites, the number and name of six-year teaching ... nine-year teaching days, ten-year suspension, study abroad, and planning.
It means that at the age of 6, children should be taught to count, identify directions and remember names ... At the age of 9, children should be taught how to calculate dates, and at the age of 10, boys should be sent out to study with teachers, learn to write and take notes.
The primary school teaching content recorded in Zhou Li is six arts: "Li? Le? Shoot? Royal? Books? Count. " Among them, "number" refers to nine numbers, which is some basic contents in the later "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic". It can be seen that the mathematics education in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties was attached to the general cultural education, and its content was mostly combined with the basic knowledge of mathematics in daily life.
Confucius, the first private school in the history of China, also attached great importance to mathematics education. Is it a continuation of mathematics that Confucius studied and taught Zhouyi? Development has an indelible contribution.
Confucius must learn mathematics when he learns Zhouyi, and he must learn mathematics when he learns Zhouyi, and he must cultivate students' mathematical quality when he teaches Yi Tong? Mathematical ability? Mathematical abstract thinking is to engage in mathematical education.
In the Han Dynasty, Nine Chapters of Arithmetic came out. This world-famous mathematical book summarizes all the mathematical achievements of China before BC, many of which are in the leading position in the world.
/kloc-most of China's mathematical works before the 6th century followed the style of "Nine Chapters Arithmetic", which has been used as one of the basic teaching materials in ancient mathematics education in China.
After the national unification, the imperial examination system was established, Guo Zi Temple, the highest institution of learning in China, was established, and the study of Ming and Shu was established in Guo Zi Temple. Ming Arithmetic has two doctors, two teaching assistants, engaged in mathematics teaching, and 80 students. This is a milestone in the history of Chinese mathematics education.
In the Tang Dynasty, official mathematics education developed further, and Amin Jing appeared in imperial academy, the highest institution of learning in the Tang Dynasty. Jinshi? Scholar? Farming? Shu Ming? Shu Ming Section 6.
There are two arithmetic doctors in the Department of Calculus in Ming Dynasty, who "make a living by teaching people and their children who are below the eighth grade in civil and military arts" and an arithmetic assistant. The rank of arithmetic doctor is very low, only from the ninth grade, while the arithmetic assistant has no grade.
In the early Tang Dynasty, due to the need of teaching, scientists such as Li and others annotated and examined 65,438 kinds of arithmetic books. As textbooks of computing in Ming Dynasty, they are called the top ten computing classics in the history of mathematics.
They are: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic? Island computing? Sun Tzu's calculation? Five Cao Jing? Zhang Qiujian suan Jing? Zhou Kuai Shu Jing? Five classics arithmetic? Compose? And there are two books for students to learn, namely numerology and third-class numbers in the suicide note.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the educational system was seven years, and students were divided into two groups, each with 15 students. The first group studied eight arithmetic classics, such as Nine Chapters Arithmetic, and the second group studied the other two difficult ones, Seal Characters and Ji Gu Arithmetic Classics. The study period of each book has specific provisions. The two groups of students also learn "numerology notes" and "the third kind of numbers".
After the expiration of the study period, students will have an exam, and the math exam will be divided into two groups, each with 10 questions. In the first group, except for the arithmetic of three chapters, the other seven books have one question each, and in the second group, the six questions of seal script are compiled by ancient calculation.
The evaluation method of grades is, in each group of 10 questions, "getting more than 8 points is the best, getting more than 6 points is the middle, and getting less than 5 points is the bottom", and it is stipulated that answering 6 correctly is entitled as qualified. Those who pass the examination will be sent to the official department for employment, and will be awarded the rank below Nine Grades.
As can be seen from the above, a relatively perfect mathematics education system has been formed in the Tang Dynasty.
Later, with the development of trade and cultural exchanges, China's mathematics and education system was introduced into North Korea? Japan and other neighboring countries. Therefore, the DPRK? Mathematics in Japan and China is deeply influenced, and their mathematics education systems and textbooks are basically adopted by China.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, official mathematics education gradually declined, while folk mathematics education became more popular. Many famous mathematicians at that time, such as Yang Hui? Ye Li? Zhu Shijie? Guo Shoujing, etc. , or set up a museum to recruit disciples, or live in seclusion in the mountains, or travel around, preaching and teaching.
Some even compiled their own teaching plan outlines, such as Yang Hui's "Learning Calculus Outline", or compiled their own teaching materials, such as Zhu Shijie's "Arithmetic Enlightenment", which trained a group of mathematics talents and promoted the development of mathematics education.
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, with the arrival of Jesuit missionaries, our academic thoughts were touched. 1605, Matteo Ricci compiled Gankun Tiyi, which was called "the beginning of the spread of western learning to the east" by the compilers of Sikuquanshu.
In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court began the Westernization Movement in 1860. At that time, westerners mainly adopted the attitude of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application" to face western learning. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a great deal of western knowledge was introduced into China, which had a very wide influence. Many people accept western learning by translating western books written by Japanese.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "the spread of western learning to the east" had the greatest influence on mathematics education in primary and secondary schools in China.
Euclid's Elements, translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi, introduced Euclid's geometry and its strict logical system and reasoning method to China for the first time, and at the same time determined many geometric terms that we are familiar with now, such as point? Straight line? A plane? Similar? External equivalence.
Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi only translated the first six volumes, and the last nine volumes were translated by mathematicians Li and Englishmen in 1857. At the same time, they also translated algebra? The Grading of Differential Products, Symbolic Algebra and Calculus were first introduced to China.
In addition, mathematician Hua cooperated with John Flair to translate many works since 1960s, from 65438 to 2009, and introduced logarithmic tables. Probability and other new mathematical concepts. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the mathematics textbooks of new schools mostly used the works of two people.
Nine chapters of mathematical art