There is a popular saying in the post-80 s student era: examination is the magic weapon of teachers, and scoring is the lifeblood of students. Examination has become the only criterion for testing students' quality, and we have long been lost in the sea of questions and rote memorization. As we all know, as early as when Confucius was teaching, he advocated heuristic teaching instead of compulsory indoctrination, and also advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude to make up for the shortcomings.

Most people think that the Spring and Autumn Period is an era when etiquette prevails. This concept is really wrong! We know that in the Spring and Autumn Period, the knowledge of scholar-officials was very shallow. Now let's give two examples:

In the sixteenth year of Lu, the nomads from the army led the troops to wipe out the tribes such as the Chidi family and made great contributions. Jin Wengong asked Zhou Wang to seal the book, and made him commander in chief and a teacher officer, in charge of national laws. Soon the royal family was in civil strife, and Jin Hou sent scholars to coordinate with the royal family. Zhou Wang received him until the food was served, but it was just bits and pieces of meat. Scholars don't know the royal etiquette and ask others privately. Hearing this, Zhou Wang called him and said to him, "Don't you know? Emperor's gift is recommended by body (the whole pig is divided into seven pieces for cooking), and the banquet is made by folding (pieces of meat); Governors should be treated with the ceremony of the son of heaven, and Qing should be treated with the banquet of the son of heaven. This is the royal system! " Scholar-officials hit a nail, and only after returning to China did they pay attention to ceremony in order to practice the law of Jin State. As we know, this scholar-bureaucrat was a wise doctor in the state of Jin, and he was also a teacher official engaged in "preaching and teaching". He didn't know the common code system of the royal family, so he taught Zhou Wang a lesson and came back, which can prove how ignorant the aristocratic class was at that time!

In the seventh year of Lu, he went to the state of Chu and was introduced by the doctor Meng Xunzi. After Zheng Guo, Zheng Bo comforted Zhao Gong locally, but Mennont could not praise the festival. When he arrived in Chu, he could not thank the people of Chu for their courtesy. After returning to China, I felt ashamed and went to teach Wen Yi. Whenever you hear a polite person, ask him for advice. At the end of his life, he ordered his two sons to become disciples of Confucius, who was polite to make up for his previous position. We know that Lu is a museum of feudal ethics and Mencius is a sage of Lu. As for him, he can't be a servant of etiquette, which shows how ridiculous the etiquette was at that time. Because the study of etiquette was relatively deserted at that time, ordinary literati needed a master to teach etiquette, so our great sage Confucius came into being.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius was a master of etiquette in his later years. It turns out that there was a Confucian class in ancient times, and the so-called Confucian relied on it. Snipe? Does it hurt? Joe Jonah? How can she play with her mane? Zheng Song's miscellaneous injuries? Blow hard? Sang? What kind of building is this? Shake > shake? Bear? Pet-name ruby young mane "with neon baking ying? Craftsman s is a worm? Lai Lu Zhi terrier? Waste coat and nettle 3 ごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごごご12 Ritual system, so at a very young age, there was a reputation of "understanding etiquette". Many people came from all directions to learn from him, and a private school was established in his hands in 2000. It is said that Confucius later had more than 3,000 disciples, which is close to exaggeration, but it is true that there are many disciples.

Confucius began to formally spread this knowledge to the common people. He liberated the door of education and advocated "education without class". He himself said, "From the harness?" (10 Jin of bacon) I didn't teach you when I came to do the ceremony. "He is really a great educator. There are all kinds of people under his door: both scribes and martial artists; There are both nobles, civilians and businessmen; Some people even like thieves and beggars. He gathered all kinds of talents, centered on the old lower class aristocrats, and produced a new taxi class. Since then, some people have specialized in private education and made a living by giving lectures.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, at least before Confucius, it can be said that apart from the special training of fathers and brothers from all walks of life, the only national education they received was fighting. They were trained as slaves by the ruling class, providing them with the sacrifice of power and interests; They don't have high knowledge, but they are fooled and used by the nobles.

In an era when the ghost world overtakes the human world, religion is learning and wizards are scholars. Witches are the medium of God and people, and God will come to them, so they know the situation of the world of ghosts and gods in particular. Only those who are smart enough to communicate with God are qualified to be witches. Do you wish for people to pray to God? Experts, like witches, can know things that people don't know. Wu Zhu and Shi are another kind of characters. Shi Ben is an official in charge of records, but he is also in charge of sacrifice and divination. Most of them are world officials, in charge of classics. The richer their knowledge, the more they knew about astronomy, geography and personnel, and they were the most important advisers to the nobles at that time. They will see the omen of good or bad from the astronomical phenomena and personnel, so they are both think tanks and prophets.

However, when humanism came, religion immediately lost its authority. At least in the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars have gradually appeared in the aristocratic class. For example, Zang Wenzhong, a doctor of the State of Lu, was eloquent, and Wu Zhong, a grandson, was called a saint for his wisdom. In addition, doctors such as Jin, Qi, Yan Ying and Wu were all famous scholars at that time. They can often give full play to people-oriented ideas. The most famous one is Doctor Zi Chan of the State of Zheng. He is knowledgeable and versatile, and can get rid of superstition. First of all, he broke some old habits under the feudal system, and his thought was more enlightened than that of Confucius, the Great Sage who was born later.

The formal philosophical system was not established until Confucius. Confucius was the first person who took private education as his profession, and he established a philosophy close to human feelings. That philosophy is based on ethics and extends to all aspects. We can say: Confucius' philosophy is just an ethical philosophy.

The center of Confucius' concept is "benevolence". The word "benevolence", in ancient literary works, probably just means to be prepared or versatile. Confucius changed its meaning. Confucius' so-called "benevolence" has two definitions: the narrow sense of "benevolence" refers to compassion, and the broad sense of "benevolence" includes all morality and refers to a perfect personality. Therefore, Confucius' ethics is based on compassion and extends to all morals. But just saying a "benevolence" is not easy to understand; The more specific moral term put forward by Confucius is "loyalty and forgiveness". Loyalty means being sincere to others. Forgiveness means understanding and tolerating others. According to his own explanation: I want to be famous in the world, and I also want others to be famous in the world. This is called "benevolence"; In fact, this is also "loyalty and forgiveness." The combination of loyalty and forgiveness is the foundation of benevolence. He once said to his students, "My truth runs through everything with one principle." According to his student Zeng Shen's explanation, this truth is loyalty and forgiveness, so Confucius runs through everything.

Confucius also found an abstract principle in many moral items, which is the so-called "golden mean". Chinese means to transcend all boundaries, and mediocrity means ordinary. As long as everything is in line with the golden mean, everything is ethical; So the doctrine of the mean is also synonymous with benevolence.

The most complete personality of Confucius is benevolence, wisdom and courage. A perfect person is to carry out the moral of compassion with sound wisdom and fearless courage.

Although Confucius' ethical thought has far-reaching influence on later generations, unity is a universal truth, and nothing is very profound. He is an educator, so his greatest contribution is educational theory. He first studied human nature, thinking that human nature is similar, but it is divided because of different habits; Only smart and stupid people will not be changed by the environment. So he thinks that most people can be cultivated into good people through education. He divided human beings into upper, middle and lower classes, and thought that people above the middle class could tell him profound truth, but people below the middle class could not. With this idea, he advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, making full use of each other's strengths. He also believes that the study of knowledge should start from superficial, and then gradually enter advanced; Learn first, then understand. He taught people to pay equal attention to learning and thinking. Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous. Because he teaches people to think, he advocates leadership and inspiration, not coercion and indoctrination, which is roughly the same as the current educational proposition.

His political thoughts are conservative. He advocated maintaining the feudal system, put forward the slogan of correcting the name, and asked the monarch and his son to do what they should do according to their original identities. Order from top to bottom, equality of dignity, etc. It is the normal state of governing the world; If there is chaos from top to bottom, it will be an eschatological chaos. The purpose of politics is to turn disorder into an orderly normal state.

But there is something new in his political concept: he opposes the politics of "rule by the people and punishment by the people" at that time and advocates the method of "rule by virtue and punishment by courtesy". It was he who advocated spreading "virtue" and "courtesy" to the common people. He also advocated that a person with high status who influenced politics should bow to the right and influence the people by the right way. He once compared the wind and grass to the gentleman of the ruling class and the villain of the ruled class. He said: "a gentleman is like the wind, a villain is like grass, and grass falls with the wind!" " This theory seems to "utopia" the family politics in feudal times.

Confucius' religious ideas are conservative. Like Shang and Zhou people, he was superstitious about God and thought that God would reward good and punish evil. He once said, "God endowed me with morality. What can others do to me? " This is simply pretending to be a leader. He is superstitious about fate and thinks that everything is predetermined; The success of things is blunt, and people's lives are poor because they can't help themselves to arrange. Although this concept of "fate" existed before, it seems that it has become more theoretical.

However, Confucius was not interested in religion. He sang the doctrine of "keeping away from ghosts and gods". He also said, "If you can't convince people, how can you convince ghosts?" If you don't know life, how do you know death? "He doesn't talk much about fate, let alone genie. Here, he represents the humanistic trend of thought in the late Spring and Autumn Period!

Strictly speaking, Confucius is only the preserver and executor of the rites of Zhou. However, he theorized the ancient system, so that the dying system was reborn and continued to be maintained. His great contribution is here, and he cares because he is criticized today. But this is a fact caused by China's special social background, not determined by Confucius' free will!

Contemporary with Confucius, according to the legend of later generations, there are several great scholars, such as Lao Dan, the so-called ancestor of Taoism, Deng, the ancestor of famous scholars, and Shao Zhengmao, who "distinguishes falsehood from ugliness"; But most of these characters or legends are not credible.

In addition to philosophical thinking, literature and science also made great progress in the Spring and Autumn Period. The existing Book of Songs are mostly works in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are profound thoughts, strong feelings and wonderful and vivid words in it, which are beyond the reach of boring and rigid religious and prose poems in the Western Zhou Dynasty. As for science, astronomy and medicine can describe more: astronomy has been able to produce a more detailed calendar, and medicine has also had a good doctor who can break people's illness and life and death; Although astronomy at this time was generally covered by superstitions such as astrology, medicine was also contaminated with witchcraft.

The exquisite arts and crafts handed down from generation to generation at that time were no less than the works of later generations. According to records, the building also has a palace several miles long. But the art representing that era was naturally the only tool to cultivate temperament in feudal times-music. Although the music at that time did not spread to later generations, it is recorded that the famous Shaole once made our Confucius unable to taste meat for three months after listening to it. At that time, pleasure and ceremony were equally important, and they were all arts that everyone in the aristocratic class had to learn. Music must be played when ceremonies such as sacrificial banquets are held. When music is playing, there are songs and dances. Part of the lyrics is the Book of Songs. Dance, the most lively is "Wan Dance", "Wan Dance" is that many samurai hold musical instruments in their left hand, pheasant feathers in their right hand, or weapons in both hands and dance in various postures. On the one hand, this kind of music and dance is entertainment, on the other hand, it also contains the role of martial arts.

It is said that Zheng and Wei's music is the most lewd; But charming magic is quite small. This is a new kind of music, so it is called "new sound". Confucius once advocated "letting Zheng Sheng go". In addition, there was a special kind of music in the Song Dynasty called Sanglin, which was played at the ceremony. On one occasion, the Song people received the uncle Jin Daogong at that time with mulberry trees; When the dance team came out, there were flags and pheasants in front of them as signs. The dance was so horrible that Jin Hou was scared to hide in his room, and later he even got sick because of the fright. It can be seen that this kind of music and dance was definitely not available at that time!

The Spring and Autumn Period is a transitional period from barbarism to civilization. The thought of this era has evolved from a religion based on God to a philosophy based on people. At the same time, all kinds of academics have gradually become independent from the influence of religion. The results of our study of cultural history in the Spring and Autumn Period finally have to be said!