First, what is ambition?
Local chronicles is the abbreviation of local chronicles, also called local chronicles. Generally speaking, records are called records, and records are considered as ancient books that record the natural and social conditions of a place, and are known as "a general history of one party" and "a local encyclopedia"
Second, the difference between ambition and history.
1. Writing methods are different in historical style, mainly describing history. Generally, it tends to develop vertically with clues such as time, events and people. Through the analysis and research of historical phenomena, we explore the objective laws of historical development, so discussion is the main body of history books. Ambition, including praise and criticism in narrative. Sometimes I go back to the past, but I mainly record the present situation, that is, I record and classify things horizontally, and only record them without discussing them.
2. The main categories are wide and narrow. Different historical bodies take historical events or historical figures as the central axis, concentrate their notes and discuss them deeply and systematically. Although there are many categories, they all focus on a core content to prove their views and main lines. Ambition focuses on data collection, including natural, social and cultural aspects of a place, regardless of details. As long as things, categories and important materials related to the development and changes of the national economy and people's livelihood are within the scope of description, they are all described side by side, and there is no obvious specific axis.
3. The details are different. Generally speaking, the scope of history is more professional and concise, while the scope of chronicle is wider and wider.
4. Different historical writing methods mainly use documents, investigations or archaeological excavations to demonstrate the past, which has the characteristics of detailing the past and simplifying the present, focusing on argumentation and discussion. Records rely on investigations and interviews, accumulate data, and are detailed in the present, slightly ancient and classified system. So history can be written by one person or several people, such as Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu. And chronicles must be completed by scholars and professional workers from all walks of life under the organization and leadership, such as economic science, social science and natural science. Also, chronicles are written by contemporary people, and history is written by future generations.
Third, the nature and characteristics of archives
In nature, local records belong to local documents. From the disciplinary point of view, it belongs to the category of history in a broad sense, because they are all books that record past deeds. Although the record is detailed in the present and slightly ancient, it mainly records the present, but it still records what has happened and does not write about the future.
The characteristics of local chronicles are (1) regional, (2) contemporary, (3) encyclopedic, (4) continuous, (5) knowledgeable, (6) reliable, (7) ideological, (8) scientific and (9) popular.
Fourth, the role of ambition.
(1) "History". (2) "endowment". (3) "enlightenment". (4) "Make up the national history".
Verb (short for verb) Ambitious style.
Style includes structure, genre and composition.
1, structure, refers to the composition of each component, that is, the arrangement of local chronicles, including the overall structure and local structure. The overall structure determines the stylistic types of local chronicles.
The overall structure of (1) is different from the familiar history book structure. The style of ancient history books is based on time and events, discussing the past, paying attention to reflecting the continuity of history from the vertical aspect, and demanding the combination of history and theory. Its structure is a line, shaped like a cylinder. This is a "historical style". The "intellectual body" focuses on showing the extensiveness of various things from the horizontal aspect, combining vertical and horizontal, and focusing on the horizontal. Therefore, Zhang Xuecheng believes that the historical subject is vertical and the historical subject is horizontal. In other words, the structure of local chronicles is like an ordinary cross section, like a sand table.
(2) Under the overall structure of local structure, each part also has a local structure problem. For memorabilia, we should carefully arrange whether to adopt chronological style, chronological style, or a combination of chronological style and notepad style. The structure of local chronicles is very different, which is divided into stages first, or classified first, and then narrated by age. Other parts, such as biographies and appendices, also have a structural arrangement problem.
To formulate a style, we must first determine the type, and then determine the structure of each part. The newly compiled local chronicles are generally composed of five parts: general remarks, memorabilia, monographs, plans and appendices, with orderly articles and examples at the beginning and postscript at the end. Taking the overview as the key link, memorabilia as the classics, and special topics as the latitude, it forms the basic structure of the whole. Every local chronicle is an integral part of local chronicles, which should serve the overall design and be restricted by it.
2. Genre, including narration, recording, ambition, biography, painting, presentation, examination and recording. Focus on ambition, each with its own special purpose.
(1) Description refers to a short description, generalization or summary. That is to say, with concise words, the general trend of historical development within the scope described in this chronicle is summarized, showing the most basic situation.
(2) For memorabilia, it is a matter of time. It is a historical body absorbed by local chronicles.
(3) Chronicle This is a special genre of chronicle, which is the main body of chronicle. Various undertakings and their contents are described horizontally at the end of the notebook.
(4) biography, specializing in writing characters. Biography is a genre widely used in Twenty-four History.
(5) Drawing various maps, pictures, photographs, statistical charts, distribution charts, schematic diagrams, etc.
(6) The forms are various. It is also a special school of historical revision in the past.
(7) Textual research on the information contained in the examination.
(8) Record appendices and sequences are data compilations.
According to the needs of recording, the above aspects are used separately, which is a major feature of local chronicles.
3. Composition: The composition of local chronicles is not only related to genre and structure, but also mainly depends on the purpose of local chronicles. The function of local chronicles is to record the history and present situation of one side's nature and society in different categories, so as to achieve three purposes: politics, historical preservation and education.
The remarkable characteristics of local chronicles are regionality, comprehensiveness and knowledge. It is a special form of encyclopedia. It is to sum up experience, explore laws, accumulate and provide information; However, it is difficult to directly assume the function of summing up experience and exploring laws. At the same time, the genre and structure of local chronicles have great constraints on the composition of local chronicles. To this end, the rules and regulations of local chronicles require:
(1) focuses on narrative, regardless of narrative;
(2) classify things and pay attention to writing horizontally and vertically.
The specific content of the composition also includes some specific provisions on compilation, such as category, name, quota, title, date and so on.
(1) The types of new local chronicles include provincial chronicles, municipal chronicles and county chronicles; Grassroots records include factory records, company records, station records, local records, school records, mine records and township records; There are also special records such as mountain records and river records.
(2) In the old chronicles, the national chronicles were called "unified chronicles", such as "Qing Dynasty unified chronicles". Provincial records are called "general records", such as Henan general records, and state, state and county records are called "state records", "state records" and "county records" respectively. According to the regulations, the names of newly compiled local chronicles are divided into "provincial chronicles", "city (prefecture) chronicles" and "county-level chronicles".
(3) The local chronicles should run through ancient times and modern times, and the upper limit is generally not uniform, but the lower limit should be unified.
(4) The appellation of characters, all names, without praise or criticism. The contents that belong to the data reference shall remain unchanged and shall not be changed.
⑤ In the newly compiled local chronicles, all historical dynasties are called by general names, such as "Ming", "Qing" and "Republic of China", without political attributes.
The chronology of dynasties should be based on the general year number at that time, and Arabic numerals are used in brackets to indicate the year of AD.
6. Place names in place name records should be based on needs. To describe the historical evolution, we should use ancient place names, with today's place names in brackets and the rest using today's place names.
In addition, there are other requirements that need to be seriously considered when drafting the style.
Sixth, the style of local chronicles requires the use of literary style and narrative style.
Style refers to the writing style using modern Chinese.
Narrative style is an article genre. It is a kind of account that truthfully records and expresses the characteristics, development and changes of things and the experiences of people. Narrative style has six necessary factors, namely, people, events, time, place, cause and effect. In narrative style, the author must directly or indirectly explain these six problems. Otherwise, the purpose of recording and describing people and things cannot be successfully achieved.
The records of right and wrong, merits and demerits, gains and losses, praise and criticism, ups and downs, success and failure, and lessons should be included in the narrative, so that the facts can speak for themselves and do not make arbitrary comments. This is the so-called "narrative without heart". When editing, the guiding ideology should be clear and the position and viewpoint should be clear. Records have their own specific style. It is not only different from literary style, argumentative style, official document style, textbook style and news style, but also different from general historical writings, namely the so-called historical style. (Quoted from the website of Yanshan University)
On the compilation of yearbook of school magazine
1. What is history, ambition and mirror image?
Historical Records, General Records and Mirror are all books about history. This is also the common ground of the three, but there are differences. History: a book whose basic task is to explore and summarize the historical development law of a certain region or an industry. Records: It is a comprehensive material that records the nature and society, history and present situation of a certain administrative division and a certain field. Yearbook: records the information and events of an industry in a certain area in the form of chronology. Published year after year, it belongs to reference books. Editing for several years at a time is called tongjian. The record of history in the yearbook is completely rough, seeking truth from facts, recording it truthfully, without embellishment, discussion, personal thoughts and opinions, and speaking directly. Ambition and mirror image are basically the same, and we can talk about it a little, but we can't talk about it in a big way, alone or vaguely. The writing of history has a strong author's personal color and class brand, and it incorporates the thoughts and viewpoints of historians. Mirror image and ambition only describe history, and history should not only be described, but also discussed. "Jian" and "Zhi" are official books, and their editing is a government act, but history is not. Individuals, collectives and officials can edit. It is a scientific, informative, authoritative and timely reference book that records the history of the past year, and it is a database that compiles history item by item. Archives record the history of an era or a period of time. The genre of recording includes narration, recording, recording, biography, pictures, forms and records. Records are mainly records, belonging to the text structure, and are a kind of informative writings between data compilation and academic monographs, while historiography is completely an academic monograph. History is generally compiled from generation to generation, that is, from generation to generation. Sword is a cross-section of history, ambition is a longitudinal section, and history is a panoramic view with class brand. The ancients said: "Governing the country reads history, governing the county reads records, and governing people reads classes."
Second, about the compilation of history books.
China is an ancient civilization with a long history. Our ancestors left a rich cultural heritage, of which a very precious part is a large number of historical documents that have been handed down to this day. History is compiled in prosperous times, and records are compiled in easy years. China's compilation of historical records has a history of more than 2,000 years, and every dynasty has historians. For example, Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, and Ban Gu, the author of Hanshu, were generally edited by individuals before the Tang Dynasty. For example, Historical Records and Hanshu have been compiled for nearly ten years, while Hanshu has been compiled for more than twenty years. Since the Tang dynasty, a history museum has been set up, edited by several people and supervised by the prime minister. The establishment of the official revision system in China ensured the continuation of the compilation and revision of local chronicles. Since the publication of Historical Records, the first biographical history in ancient China, only 26 biographical history books have been compiled in past dynasties, namely, the famous Twenty-four History, the New Yuan History and the Draft of Qing History. After the founding of New China, there were leading organizations of local chronicles from the central government to the local government. The three generations of central committees of the Communist Party of China attach great importance to the compilation of local chronicles. Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out: "The new compilation of local chronicles in the socialist period is an integral part of the construction of two civilizations, a systematic project of socialist cultural construction, and an important cause that serves as a link between the past and the future, contributes to the present and benefits the future." Comrade Hu Jintao pointed out: "The vast and valuable historical knowledge is not only the record of human summing up yesterday, but also the guide for human grasping today and creating tomorrow." The speeches of the two * * * not only show their attention to the compilation of historical records, but also show the status and role of historical records. Local chronicles are official books, and editing local chronicles is a government act, which is generally edited once every 20 years. 1987, Hebei Province issued a document to edit local chronicles. Governments at all levels, industries and fields compile local chronicles, and some famous schools compile local chronicles. In 2004, the central government issued a document to local governments, requesting to start the second round of local chronicles compilation. As far as I know, all districts in Shijiazhuang are doing this work now. The leaders of our Education Bureau attach great importance to the compilation of historical records. Comrade ZhangJike, the director in charge, attached great importance to this work and gave strong support from all sides. This work of our bureau has been commended by provinces and cities for many times, and it has been rated as an advanced unit in Shijiazhuang yearbook work for three consecutive years.