I have read many books and articles introducing Confucius, saying that Confucius was "the first person to set up a private school in the history of China", "Confucius was the first person to break the situation of" learning in government "and set up a private school", "the first private school teacher in China" and so on. I beg to differ from these statements. In my opinion, Liu Xiahui, admired by Confucius and Mencius, is the first recorded person who founded a private school in China, or at least the pioneer who founded a private school in China 120 years earlier than Confucius and Mencius.
Confucius is a great thinker, educator and master of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period in China, which is universally recognized. I am skeptical about the statement that Confucius was the first person who founded private schools in China, only after studying a large number of related documents discovered by my ancestor Liu Xiahui in recent years. Based on the principle of seeking truth from facts, I sorted out the relevant information I found for academic reference.
A doctor in the state of Lu used to be a judge, surnamed Zhan. He was famous for keeping birds, and he ate in Liu Xia all the time. After his death, his wife took "benefits" in private, so he called.
Liu Xiahui was a famous historical figure in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius, the most holy, and Mencius worshipped him. Confucius praised Liu Xiahui's "filial piety, making virtue into righteousness, making an appointment to complain about wealth, and not paying for wealth", which is a noble "carefree life" of "keeping promises and acting according to results". Mencius called Liu Xiahui a "saint" who can be regarded as a "teacher of eternal life": "Those who smell the wind of Liu Xiahui, those who are modest and generous, strive for eternal life, and those who smell it under eternal life will rise." Mencius also called Liu Xiahui, Boyi, Yi Yin and Confucius the four great saints. "Liu Xiahui is the sum of saints." This is why Liu Xiahui was honored as "He Sheng" by later generations.
The genealogy of Zhan (Guangxu 18, 5 years of the Republic of China) preserved by later generations in Pingyin, Laiwu and other places and the information provided by later generations found that he had founded a private school, taught and educated people, and wrote books with far-reaching influence.
During the Republic of China, Wang's Taishan Series, Chronology of Hesheng, Chronology of Zhan's Genealogy and Chronology of Saints recorded the contents of his education: "At the age of 54, he was educated in Shandong"; "Sixty-four years old, educated, more and more"; "Eighty-five-year-old, Liu Xiahui, widely planted willow in Shiyi"; "At the age of ninety, from tourists to the public, 100 people came with a heavy burden."
"Zhan's Genealogy" records that it was "buried in Laozhao Village". Epitaph of Zhan's Genealogy: "In the northeast, there are people who are famous for their names. Their land is sweet and fertile, and their folk customs are simple and vulgar. He Sheng and his disciples tried to swim here, and the linguist said,' I was buried in Sri Lanka.' And pawn, because please Yu Wengong and buried. Master Shi Zhongliang built a tomb for it, which was more than ten feet high and ninety feet long, and its system was three steps. "In addition, the epitaph of the Zhan family is stored in the" public house "in Qufu, which is the same as the record of the Zhan family tree.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu was in rebellion, and Qin ruled the northeast of Yanzhou, Shandong. Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty was a country with defects and hills for 3 years, and was later changed to a county. The Western Jin Dynasty was abolished, the Sui Dynasty was restored and moved to Yanzhou today. The "Laozhaozhuang" in its territory is unknown today. The orientation analysis of Laozhao village from Zhan's genealogy seems to be Gaomiao village in the northwest of Yanzhou city. According to the Records of Ziyang County, Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, "Liu Xiahui's Tomb: Bali Lixian Society, west of the city. The mausoleum is 90 feet high, and its system is three steps, which was built by the master. Yan people cut Qi, passing by this road, and said,' Whoever gathers firewood near Liu Xia will die!' In other words, the master called it "Mr. Liu Temple". Temple system shrugged Cui, commonly known as' high temple'. "Named after the village"
According to the above written records, he once swam with his master in Zhaocun. He took a fancy to this treasure trove of geomantic omen before his death, so he said to his disciples, "I will be buried here after my death." After Liu Xiahui's death, his relatives reported to Lu Wengong, the monarch of Lu State, and got his consent, so his wish was fulfilled. He was buried in Guzhao Village. His tomb was also built by Shi Zhongliang and others. "It is more than ten feet high and 90 feet long, and its system is three-level."
According to records, Liu Xiahui became a "master of Shandong education" after he resigned from Lu. It seems that he should be a master of folk education, especially after Liu Xia, an 85-year-old food city in Liu Xiahui. Because of his great respect, there are more and more tourists. At the age of 90, hundreds of people formally went to school. The scale of education can reach 100 people, which is already spectacular in the history of ancient education. This has also created a historical miracle of engaging in private education after 90. Liu Xiahui enjoys a centenary, and there should be countless students. So far, Shi Zhongliang is one of the well-documented and well-known disciples, except his son Zhan. I think Liu Xiahui founded a private school, which reached its peak in his later years and influenced later generations. Liu Xiahui's academic and educational thoughts also deeply influenced Confucius and Mencius, who was born one or two hundred years later than him, which was strongly confirmed in Confucius and Mencius' works.
According to Han Feizi's Remarkable Learning, "since the death of Confucius, there have been Zhang Zhiru, Zi Si's Confucianism, Yan Zhiru, Meng Zhiru, Zhi Ru, Zhong Liang's Confucianism and Zhi Ru." Tao Qian in the Jin Dynasty recorded in "Gathering the Virtues to Fill the Records": "Eight Confucians: the second son, scattered in the world, located in China, originated from a hundred schools ..." Biography of Li "is the Tao, and he respects Confucianism as Zhuang; Zhong Liang (Liang)' s Le Zhuan is the Tao and takes Yin and Yang as Confucianism. "
The "Zhong Liangxue" mentioned here was not founded by Shi Zhongliang, a disciple of Liu Xiahui. If so, it serves to show the influence of Liu Xiahui's moral scholarship on later generations.
Liu Xiahui was not as lucky as Laozi, Confucius, Mencius and other sages, and left a complete work for later generations. According to "Genealogy of Zhan's Family", he did not write a book before his death, but a lot of his works were "burned" because of "Qin tyranny", which is really regrettable! The Genealogy of Zhan's Family, written by the eighth generation Sun Zhanmai, recorded in the fifth generation Sun Zhanfu that "the ancestral slips collected by this family were abused by Qin and burned all the time." As a descendant, how can you not lament? ! Uncover the eternal mystery of Liu Xiahui's lost works.
When Confucius and Mencius were alive, the works handed down by Liu Xiahui's descendants were not destroyed. As a well-read Confucius and Mencius, they naturally have the opportunity to study at home, and their books are naturally influenced by it.
The Genealogy of Zhan's Family contains the Picture of Liuxia Bookstore in Poetry Art, which also shows that it is an indisputable fact to establish Liuxia Bookstore in Poetry Art in his later years.
Liu Xiahui was highly respected, so he was highly respected by sages and monarchs of all ages. According to the records in Genealogy of Zhan's Family and Cizhi, for thirty years, Qin people cut Qi, passed the holy tomb and deeply admired it. Those who never forget their dreams stay at home as if they are indifferent to the spring breeze, as if they are teachers, and as if they are still in a trance. Therefore, I have deep feelings for love, and the meaning of protection is becoming more and more urgent. I ordered:' Anyone who dares to approach Liu Xiaxia will die!' Is to build a shrine on the tomb, which shows the image of a dream, called' Mr. Xia Liu', since it is called a master. The construction of the mausoleum began here. "
The tombs of Yanzhou and St. Liu Xiahui, after Qin, Han, Jin, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, were closely protected by local officials, fellow villagers and later generations, and were rebuilt from time to time, so they stood tall and sacrificed constantly. When Kangdi was patrolling, he passed by Liu Xia to enjoy the cool air and wrote a couplet: "Liu Xia's cool air can't stand the wind in Liu Xiahui", which shows that Emperor Kangxi admired Liu Xiahui.
Regrettably, the Holy Tomb has been destroyed in contemporary times, and now there is nothing left. However, Liu Xiahui's virtue and integrity, including his great achievements in establishing private schools, teaching and educating people, will go down in history forever, and there is much to be done in the future!